| Abstract: | Free School，直譯為中文即為自由學校，顧名思義泛指以自由為最高理念的學校。自由學校源起於歐美國家，十九世紀末至二十世紀初所興起的新教育運動也可發現其蹤跡。現今自由學校分布世界各地，依國情不同其教育内容也有所差異，但是重視學童自發性學習一理念卻是全世界的自由學校的共通點。由此我們可以了解自由學校有別於一般學校最大的特點，便是以兒童中心主義為最大原則。二次大戰後，自由學校受到美國教育學者杜威「進步主義教育」的影響，自由教育在美掀起高潮，一時之間成為眾所矚目的顯學。
最近在日本，隨著不登校學生的增加自由學校也聲名大噪，同時促使大眾媒體爭相報導自由學校。但是日本的自由學校有別於歐美隸屬學校系統的自由學校，其專門招收不登校的學生，並且不屬於公立教育系統定位於民間教育設施。也因此日本的自由學校是以「不登校的專門機關」聞名於世。針對此特殊性，本論文以日本的自由學校為研究對象，藉由專業學者的書籍以及實地訪問日本的自由學校的經驗，深入了解自由學校的經營以及所進行的教育內容，並且探討其教育意義。
本論文共分七章，除緒論、結論外，本論部分共有三章，分別為第二章、第三章、第四章。第二章針對自由學校的型態，將之分為歐美的「古典型自由學校」以及日本的「日本型自由學校」兩種類。在第三章中參考日本國立教育政策研究所的「理念學校教育之現狀調查」，進而探究日本型自由學校的現狀。為求更進一步了解日本型自由學校，在第四章中舉出NPO法人「Tokyo Shore」為實例，透過採訪現自由學校學生來加深對自由學校的理解。
根據以上研究，在結論的第五章中，首先肯定日本型自由學校以不登校學生為對象所顯示的教育成果，其次針對日本型自由學校所完成的教育意義，提出「打破學校信仰」「構築學校外教育體系」「提供今後教育的啟示」的三項意義。最後關於日本型自由學校今後的發展方向，本論文中指出日本型自由學校必須跳脫其「不登校的專門機關」之形象，轉型為「新教育機關」。此外，不僅是形象上的改變，日本型自由學校的經營型態也有轉變的必要性。因此在第五章第四節中探討「構造改革特別區域制度」中所提案的「NPO法人立學校」「公設民營學校」。
Free School dates back to the end of 19th century, developing from the West. It now appears across the world. By each nation’s social condition, the educational system and curriculum had changed, too. But all of the Free School respect one thing in common, children’s voluntary learning, in other words, they all make a point of “juvenile center principle”. After World War Ⅱ, Free School was influenced by John Dewey’s progressivism education, it was a great success for a while in America.
In recent years, the increasing number of *Futtock’s student in Japan, Free School has become popular. However, Japanese Free School is different than the Free School in the West. It is very special that Japanese Free School is for Futtock, and it is not a “school”. In a word, Japanese Free School is similar to a private institution. Therefore, this thesis studies Japanese Free School and demonstrates its actual conditions.
This thesis is divided into seven chapters, except for introduction and conclusion; there are three chapters in the main text. The main text is the Second, the Third, and the Fourth chapters. Chapter 2 discusses Free School’s formation as two descriptions: “West Classic Free School” and “Japanese Free School”. Chapter 3 is a reference to “National Institute for the Education Policy Research of Japan” “The Circumstances of Alternative School’s Education” to understand Japanese Free School. And as for an analysis of Japanese Free School’s conditions, Chapter 4 focuses on this particular item through “Tokyo Shore”.
In conclusion, to the affirmation at Japanese Free School’s effect in Futtock and Japanese Free School’s educational meaning, I propose the following: “overthrow of school worship”, “construction of outside school system” and “suggestion to the education of future” in order to strengthen its educational system. As for the future of Japanese Free School, it is necessary to change its image, like the facility in Futtock, by changing itself to be a new educational system. A good start for this reform is to attack the administration. Thus Japanese Free School should consider the “Special Zones for Structural Reform” in order for a brighter future.
*Futtock: nonattendance at the school |
