| Abstract: | 西班牙在80年代中期加入歐體之後經濟持續成長，因此吸引了大量的外國移民進入。但隨著外來移民逐漸的增加，西班牙在20年的時間內由勞工輸出國轉變為移民的接收國。此外，西班牙在快速經濟成長背景下也促使了地下經濟的興起。龐大的地下經濟比例讓非法移民能以打黑工的方式在當地生存。西班牙在面臨大量外來移民之前，國內並沒有太多移民的相關規範。其中，尤其是南部邊境的管制特別寬鬆，使得非法移民有機會從南部邊境進入西班牙，並且開始滯留於當地，導致非法移民的問題逐漸的增加。
歐盟在80年代時開始重視移民的議題，隨著90年代單一市場的目標達成，非法移民的問題逐漸在會員國間浮現。人員自由流通原則不僅讓歐盟的居民能夠自由的進出其他會員國，同時也讓非法移民間接的受惠。其中西班牙因為長期無移民相關的法令規範，使其成為地中海區域中非法移民聚集處之一。西班牙的非法移民當中以北非的非法移民最受關注，因其文化和宗教的不同，不僅受到西班牙相關單位的重視，同時，歐盟也特別重視北非非法移民帶來的影響。
歐盟目前沒有共同移民政策，因此針對移民的規範主要是以會員國的法律為主。西班牙面對國內北非非法移民的問題，分別從外部和內部控管非法移民的進入，對外是加強南部邊境的管制，防止非法移民從此進入，對內則是透過合法化的方式，藉此減少其國內非法移民的數量。
本研究首先探討西班牙三個階段的移民背景，接著從經濟和社會層面說明北非非法移民帶給西班牙的影響，最後，為防止非法移民數量的增加，歐盟和西班牙如何共同合作達成減少非法移民的目標。
Spain was a country of emigration. After joining to the EC, Spain’s economy grew continuously which lured lots of foreign immigrants. The increasing numbers of the immigrants transferred Spain into a country of immigration. With growth in formal economy, the underground economy was booming at the same time. Thanks to the large proportion of the underground economy which was composed of both the legal and illegal works, many illegal immigrants could find a job and live in Spain. The underground economy was one of the pull effect.
In addition, the loose immigration policy was the other pull effect. Especially in the southern border which had the loose restriction, the number of illegal North African who passed the border easily increased year by year. The reasons above enabled the illegal North African to have the income and sustain their livings in Spain.
The EU has had their eyes on the immigration issue since 80s.Because of the free movement of people, which achieved under the EU common market in 90s, the number of illegal immigrants began to increase. Under free movement of people, European have the right to work, live and travel in another EU countries, while at the same time illegal immigrants benefit from the rules. That accounts for the soaring illegal population which became a problem in the member states.
Without strict immigration policies, Spain has attracted illegal immigrants and become a hub in the Mediterranean region. North Africa has different culture and religion. Therefore, the illegal immigrants from these countries bring attention in Spain. Not only Spain but also the EU consider about the affection of illegal immigrants from North Africa. The EU has not the common migration policy, and hence the migration policy is based on each member states. In order to reduce the number of illegal immigrants, Spain reinforce its southern border. Aside of border control, legalization is one of the main policy to decrease illegal immigrants in Spain.
The structure of this study is as followed. First, the historical background of immigration in Spain. Second, the social and economy impacts of illegal immigrants in Spain. Third, in order to reduce the illegal immigrants, how the EU and Spain combat them and what are the measures under immigration policy. |
