| 摘要: | 交通部臺灣區國道高速公路局將於民國101年12月底實施高速公路全線計程收費。高速公路由計次收費轉變為計程收費後，改變最為明顯的即為原先不須付費的收費站間短程旅次駕駛人，因為其勢必將增加自身於高速公路上的旅運成本。運輸政策執行成功與否，使用者之認知公平、認知效果和效率與接受度為關鍵指標，除此之外，用路人亦會考慮轉移障礙，轉移障礙包含改走替代道路麻煩、時間耗費的程度等，會影響轉移之行為意向，不同的道路定價策略會有不同的行為反應，因此上述提及之變數，已成為影響轉移行為之重要因素，值得深入探討。
過去道路定價相關研究中，較少利用羅吉特模型加入用路人心理認知過程進行探討，以致於較無法深入瞭解影響用路人心理的重要態度、認知因素。雖然亦有文獻運用影響行為意向之潛在變數加以探討，但顯少對於行為意向與實際行為間之影響程度方面加以分析。因此，本研究結合潛在變數與個體選擇模式，以使用路人旅運轉移行為模式更具解釋能力。研究中於潛在變數部份，探討「認知公平」、「認知效率與認知效果」、「計程制度接受度」、「轉移障礙」之相互關係，並進一步利用結構模式之結果，討論各在變數對於收費站間短程用路人轉移行為之影響，最後，利用經濟學之消費者剩餘理論，結合計程收費導入前後之選擇模式，進而推估計程收費後之貨幣化消費者剩餘變動分析。
研究結果顯示：(1)「認知公平」、「認知效果和效率」對「計程制度接受度」均具有正向影響，「計程制度接受度」對「選擇意向」為正向影響，「所得」對「計程制度接受度」、「轉移障礙」亦為正向影響；而「轉移障礙」對「選擇意向」則有負向影響。(2)旅行成本、旅行時間、認知公平、認知效果和效率、計程制度接受度、轉移障礙、旅次頻率、通勤與否皆會影響短程駕駛之行為偏好。(3)在潛在變數對轉移機率影響分析部份，當計程制度接受度彈性值較大(1.020和0.991)時，表示接受度變動愈高，短程駕駛者會選擇轉移路線之幅度愈大。(4)導入計程收費後，原行駛於高速公路者將減少約3~16元之貨幣等值效益，而轉移至替代道路者則會增加約2~42元之貨幣等值效益，但其損失與獲益程度皆會隨著高速公速率增加而減少。
Taiwan Area National Freeway Bureau, MOTC will put freeway distance-based toll collection scheme into practice in Dec. 2012. While the collection scheme is changed from charging by times to distance, the drivers using short distance freeway will have the most obvious impact. Since until now they are stil used to pay free for using freeway in the short distance between both of toll collection stations, and it will definitely increase their travel cost. There are some of key factors in implementing a successful toll collection policy, including users’ perceived equity, effectiveness, efficiency and acceptability. Besides the road user will also consider the switching barriers, including the inconvenience of using the alternative road and time consumption etc., which will affect their switching behavior. Different road pricing strategies will cause different behaviors, and the above variables have be the significant factors in affecting the switching behavior, and are worth investigating.
In the past studies related to road pricing, few researchers used logit model to explore the road user’s psychological perception process, and the attitude and perception factors affecting the road user’ switching behavior . Although some studies used the latent variables affecting behavioral intention to explore, few studies analyzed the effect of behavioral intention by the actual behavior. Therefore, this study combined the latent variable and the disaggregate choice model to establish a more explainable model in the road user’s travel switching behavior. the Therefoee, the study analuzesthe relationships among the latent variables of affecting switching behavior, including “perceived equity”, “perceived effectiveness and efficiency”, “acceptability of distance-based toll collection scheme” and “switching barrier”, and further used the results of structural equations model (SEM) to discuss the effects of these variables on the switching behaviors of freeway users who use short distance between collection stations. Finally, this study utilizes the theory of consumer surplus and disaggregate choice model to estimate and analyze the change of the monetized consumer surplus between before and after about implementing the distance-based toll collection scheme.
The result shows as follows. (1) the “Perceived equity” and the “perceived effectiveness and efficiency” variables have positive effects on “acceptability of distance-based toll collection scheme”; the “acceptability of distance-based toll collection scheme” has a positive effect on “chioce intention”; the “income” factor has a positive effect on the “acceptability of distance-based toll collection scheme” and the “switching barriers”; and the “switching barriers” variable had a negative effect on “selection intention”. (2) The following factors, including travel cost, travel time, perceived equity, perceived effectiveness and efficiency, acceptability of distance-based toll collection scheme, switching barriers, travel frequency, and commute will affect the behaviors of short-distance drivers. (3) Inr analysis of the effect of latent variables on switching probability, we find that the more the elasticity value (eg. 1.020 and 0.991) of acceptability of distance-based toll collection scheme is higher, the more the degree of acceptability changes. Ihis means the short-distance driver would probably choose the alternative road. (4)The analysis of the change of monetrized consumer’s surplus shows that after the distance-based toll collection scheme adopted the freeway user will lose about 3 ~ 16 N.T. dollars, and the user who switch to the alternative road will gain about 2 ~ 42 N.T. dollars and these degrees of loss and gain will be changed by the travel speeds of as the freeway and the alternative road. |
