近年來除了對全球化議題進行討論之外，區域化也逐漸成為國際貿易中的一項重要議題，並在1990年代後期在國際貿易層面中蔚為潮流。本研究以「自由貿易協定」(Free Trade Agreement, FTA)為主軸貫穿全文，從歐洲聯盟與亞洲國家的經貿合作關係出發，以歐盟與韓國自由貿易協定(以下簡稱歐韓FTA)為研究主體，輔以對臺灣及其後續影響作一評估報告。本文將臺灣列為研究主體的原因，在於臺灣與韓國的出口國家結構類似、出口商品重疊性高，且臺韓商品在歐盟市場的競爭激烈，因此特別將臺灣列入歐韓FTA的影響評估對象。 在這一波區域貿易協定(Regional Trade Agreement, RTA)的潮流中，更發展出「新一代RTA」。在傳統RTA的協商議題中，僅著眼於關稅方面的減免。然而，「新一代RTA」有三點特色，第一已開發國家與開發中國家簽署貿易協定，第二為跨地域國家或經濟體建立貿易合作關係，第三協商議題廣泛，包括非關稅障礙、服務與投資、智慧財產權、政府採購、永續發展等非傳統議題。 在歐韓FTA中，內容涵蓋廣泛，兩方對關稅與非關稅障礙等多有討論，包含商品、服務與投資、智慧財產權、政府採購、競爭及爭端解決機制。此外，雙方開放程度極高，歐盟將於協定生效後5年內撤除99.6％貨品(industrial products)之關稅，其中99%將於3年內撤除；而韓國則在3年內撤除96%之產品關稅；此外，在投資及服務業市場的自由化程度亦高。由於歐盟關注環保、人權等相關議題，因此將永續發展條款列入協定。綜合上述，便可將歐韓FTA定義為新一代RTA。 研究成果發現，在歐韓FTA正式生效之時，將對歐盟汽車及服務業有大幅度的出口成長，對韓國汽車及電子業出口成長頗為亮眼，而臺灣影響較為嚴重的產業有汽車零組件及電子相關產業，由於汽車零組件在生效時將本為10%的稅率立即為零，因此對於汽車零組件頁有立即影響；而在電子相關產業部分，由於韓國市場的開放及14%關稅的逐年減讓，使得韓國在此類商品中對台灣產生替代效果，且在市場開放後吸引歐盟廠商的投資，這對臺灣又是另一層面的衝擊。 In recent years, regional economic integration has been one of the most important economic phenomena. Trading partners use the signing the new generation of RTAs/FTAs to enhance their economic and trade relationships, eliminate tariff and non-tariff barriers, and promote investment and economic cooperation. However, countries that are not party to such FTAs experience adverse effects due to the diversion of trade and investment. European Union (EU) and South Korea have inked FTA on Oct. 2010. This agreement is by far the most important trade deal ever concluded by the European Union with one country and the first free trade deal with an Asian country. In provisional agreement, both parties will open each other’s markets up to freer trade, dropping tariffs and non-tariff barriers on a wide range of products, making them easier buy and sell. Taiwan is an export-oriented country, and trade has been the major engine for economic growth over the past decades. South Korea and Taiwan are the main competitors in EU market due to the high similarity of export products. In conclusion, the EU auto and service sectors can benefit after the deal comes to effect, while the South Korean auto sector will benefit the most as exports are likely to increase by $1.4 billion due to the tariff elimination (8%). The growing of the South Korean auto sector consequentially brings up the production of electronic and machinery sector. As a result, the Taiwan parts and accessories of the motor vehicles firms along with the electronic sector could directly be damaged after the tariff elimination.
