| Abstract: | 中國書籍在兩千年前時，主要寫在竹簡、絹帛之上，蔡倫發明造紙術以後，漸漸變為抄寫在紙冊之上，但限於手工生產，故其流傳範圍是有限的。自從印刷術發明與廣泛應用之後，兩宋就成為中國古代史上文化繁榮發展的重要時期，其中以雕版印刷出版事業的興盛發達更是文化繁榮的表現。從購置搜求稿本、刊刻版本、印刷書籍、頒發或售賣書籍、保護印刷品所有權等一系列相關活動，皆伴隨印刷品出版活動而漸次發生。據學者的考證，中國雕板印刷術大概起源於唐代，經歷了唐末五代持續發展，到宋代才被廣泛推廣應用。所以自唐代，到宋元時，中國早已有了豐富的「出版活動」的歷史。因此，出版業在宋代開始受到社會各階層廣泛的重視，並對人們社會生活的各方面產生了重大影響。
宋代建立，結束了中唐以後，其二百多年的割據混亂局面。迅速地把兵權集中於中央，朝廷開始倡導文治，重用讀書人，經過宋太宗的發展，很快確立抑武主文的治國觀念。為了推行文治，積極尊崇師道，禮遇儒士；擴大科舉考試，選拔文官人數；建立大規模的官辦學校；提倡教育，其發展文化，造成宋代對圖書需求量的增加，再加上才有造紙業、製墨業及雕版印刷技術的進步，使得雕版印刷業迅速發展。中央政府由國子監等機構大量刻印儒家經典，除頒發全國各地以外，並准許官員民眾借版印賣。而南宋地方官刻書更成為一種風氣。民間書商刻書業，在宋代蒸蒸日上的發展，由於刻書印賣有利可圖，全國有許多地方皆發展成為知名的書坊刻書業中心。
中國文化以儒家為中心，儒家文化又以群經為根本。儒家群經的出版與推廣，宋代貢獻最大的。北宋時一面覆刻五代國子監本九經三傳，另一方面又推出單疏本的雕印，以附合五代監本，使儒家群經注釋文字得以普遍在儒者士子間。南宋以後，儒家經籍雕刻又加以推廣，先有越州八行本經注義疏合刻本的出版，解決了閱讀經書需要對照經注本及單疏本的不便，此後群經義疏合刻之出版，蔚成風氣，官私刊本紛紛出現，其中又以建刊十行本音釋注疏皆其遺緒。經書的出版，關繫著儒家學術的發展與推廣，為使眾人對宋代儒家經籍出版貢獻的了解，及出版的特色與影響。本文從唐代到宋代的社會背景，蒐集有關宋代刻本的文獻資料入手，再將十三經的單疏本、經注義疏合刻本及建刻音釋註疏本出版的版本產生原因、特徵、傳世的刻本及單疏本、經注義疏合刻本及建刻音釋註疏本之間的不同處，從中了解其出版特色所在，作整理及探討分析，進而尋求宋代儒家經籍出版的價值與貢獻。
Chinese books were mainly written on bamboo strips and silver scrolls two thousand years ago and then transcribed on paper since the invention of paper by Cailun. Their circulation was limited because of manual production. Since the invention and application of printing, the Song Dynasties became an important period for the cultural prosperity of Chinese history of which the rise of woodblock printing industry was in particular representative. The purchase and collection of manuscripts, carving of books, printing of books, issuance and sale of books, and copyrights, all gradually came as a result of printing publication. According to scholars’ investigation, Chinese woodblock printing likely originated in the Tang Dynasty, becoming widespread in the Song Dynasties. The history of “printing” had been rich in China from the Tang Dynasty through the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Hence, printing industry was given due attention by each class of the society and greatly influenced people’s daily life since the Song Dynasties.
With the establishment of the Song Dynasty, a chaotic phase of division throughout China was put to a close. Swiftly, the central government assumed the sole commandership of the military and began to promote civilian rule and recruit intellectuals, placing the civilian above the military. To this end, the court favored Confucians, selected civilian officials by expanding imperial examination system, established official schools on a large scale, and promoted education. This development of culture gave the Song people a greater demand for books and with the newly emerged paper and ink industry and the progress of technique, woodblock printing industry thrived soon. The central massively printed and publish the Confucian classics through national institutes for the entire country. Besides, people were also permitted to borrow, print, and even resale these printed works. It became a fashion during the Southern Song Dynasty that local officials printed books. The printing industry by civil booksellers increasingly developed. Thus, many places all over the country became centers for book-printing since it was highly profit-making.
Chinese culture has been centered on Confucianism while the latter has in turn been based on the Confucian classics. The Northern Song Dynasty made possible the wide circulation of the Confucian classics with various annotations among the Confucian scholars by printing and publishing the old and new versions of the classics. After the Southern Song Dynasty, the woodblock printing of the Confucian classics developed so further that the classics with complete annotations and interpretations, official and private alike, began to be in fashion. The publication of the Confucian classics was in connection with the development and promotion of Confucian scholarship. To shed light on the contribution made by the Song publication of the classics and its features and influence, this thesis, against the social background from the Tang through Song Dynasties, gathers related written materials on the above-mentioned Song-printed Confucian classics and analyzes their birth, features, and differences. In the end, this thesis attempts to clarify the value and contribution by the Song Confucian classics through a general review and analysis. |
