印尼經過蘇哈托執政時期的五個現代化經濟改革，從1996年以來仍然有大量低度就業人口長期處於低生產力與低收入的就業環境與生活環境，而且以農業部門佔最多數。依照經濟觀點的人口流動模式來看，Lewis-Fei-Rains模式與Todaro.M的觀點雖然不同，都是以經濟結構轉型為主要論點，闡述農業勞動人口的就業問題。 本論文主要探討為何從蘇哈托時期的經濟改革以來，沒有能夠充分運用充沛的農業勞動力，以改善農業低度就業現象；以及印尼過去經濟政策、勞工政策與教育政策之間為何沒有發揮其效用，減低農業低度就業人口的數量。從探討印尼農業低度就業人口就業轉移的問題與限制，了解非農業吸收農業低度就業人口的情形。 蘇哈托執政主導經濟政策未能明顯改善農業低度就業人口的就業問題，主要的限制來自於「就業機會不足」。儘管1980年代都市化程度相當高以及勞動力高度成長，都市失業率仍然相當高，從提升薪資政策上鼓勵就業沒有減低農業低度就業人口。農業部門持續轉出的勞動力，製造業與其他行業並未因此明顯提高就業率，成長的就業機會吸收不足。 若持續未改善農業低度就業人口問題，會使目前還處於適齡就業的農業低度就業人口降低進入非農業地區就業的條件，也就是每年所新進入勞動市場的勞動力，會取代現有的勞動力，要能夠獲得就業機會，勢必不會比新進勞動力來的有優勢，而若是要再加強工作能力或經歷以利於尋找工作，類似就業輔導以及轉職等的「二度就業教育」，就必須也要確保日後不會成為另一個行業的低度就業人口的行列中。這使得印尼政府加劇改善農業低度就業人口的就業問題。 This study focused on why economic reforms under the Suharto government in terms of trade, labor and education policy did not change the employment chances of the rural population. It putted this lack of employment opportunities forward to presume the failure of that government’s economic policy. Five economic reforms conducted under the Suharto government in Indonesia during five economic reforms; there were still a large number of low long-term employments with low productivity, presenting adverse working conditions and poverty. This situation in particular accounted for agricultural sector, that so called “Agriculture Under-employment”still a huge number in Indonesia after 1996. According to research, Lewis-Fei-Reins and Todaro M. provided different models of population movement to suggest economic restructuring mainly affecting the employment of agriculturally situated labor force. Despite of urbanization and population growth in the 1980s, the unemployment has remained high and the wages low in the countryside. The employment of rural population has not significantly risen in manufacturing and other industries. Fundamentally, the employment situation of agriculturally situated labor force has not improved; adverse working conditions and poverty still prevail. Agriculture Under-employment issues must to be solved, otherwise it will pay much cost to promote economic structure transition. Solving these issues poses a huge challenge to the Indonesian government in the future.
