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    題名: 緬甸撣邦跨國性與人類安全之研究 : 批判性安全之觀點
    其他題名: A study of transnational and human security in Shan state, Myanmar : a critical security perspective
    作者: 辛心;Clague, Katherine Jane
    貢獻者: 淡江大學東南亞研究所碩士班
    林若雩;Lin, Juo-yu
    關鍵詞: 緬甸;撣邦;非傳統安全;跨國性安全;人類安全;批判性安全;威爾斯學派;毒品交易;主流化;愛滋病;Myanmar;Shan state;Non-traditional security;transnational security;human security;critical security studies;the Welsh school;drug trade;mainstreaming;HIV/AIDS
    日期: 2010
    上傳時間: 2010-09-23 15:12:28 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 全球化時期的跨國性安全威脅是種「無邊境的問題」。後冷戰時代,隨著單極(unipolar)世界體系的形成,毒品交易逐漸全球化並且亦傾向集中在所謂「失敗國家」的境內,或者在地理上邊陲的地區。緬甸的情形更是嚴峻,毒品交易在這個失敗邊陲國家中所造成的是更深層的非傳統安全威脅。這種威脅與失敗/邊陲國家之間的複雜關係會發展至今日的現況並非巧合,反而突顯了世界政治與經濟體系的嚴重結構性問題 (UN 2000c:11 在 Bhattacharyya 2005: 92);這樣的情勢亦說明了安全與貧窮之間既根生蒂固又不可否認的關連性。隨著學者和決策者開始承認全球貧富差距的擴大以及發展不良等問題,其實就是引起其跨國性安全威脅之主因,與貧窮相關,以人為中心的議題逐漸被安全化,定位為人類安全威脅。然而,雖人類安全與跨國性安全議題均屬於非傳統安全論述的範圍,但是兩者被安全化的目的、指涉對象和收穫者的差異,使著兩者背後被安全化的意義有所明顯不同。

    『我們現今所處的環境取決於我們過去所選擇的方式(Booth 1991:35)』。於是經由對過去的反省,可作為創造更好未來之基礎。藉由採取批判性理論思維研究緬甸撣邦跨國性與人類安全威脅,筆者跳脫既存的分析框架,發掘其受威脅的地緣政治歷史背景之根源,並探討為何以新現實主義思考所制定的處理措施及政策無法成功達成目標。從解構階段到重建階段,筆者分析國際層次行爲者回應安全的新面向而企圖重建安全措施的兩個例子:毒品交易和愛滋病。從分析目前重建的個案筆者發現:唯有經過安全論述之深化(deepening),在議題上的擴展才能真正處理當地多面向的威脅來源。由這新的視角可進一步探討如何真正處理從結構或歷史背景而產生的錯誤,繼而在最後提出以人類安全主流化作為解決撣邦地區非傳統安全威脅背後的根源問題之未來途徑。

    本論文按照威爾斯學派的安全論述顯示,若透過推動以人爲中心的安全概念,藉著媒體以及其他動能者的「言語行動」,將撣邦人民的安全需求提升到安全領域的層次並納入各層次安全決策的考量之中,就能將安全的最後利益從過去統治者(國家菁英以及國際體系中強權國家)的手中歸回到傳統上「無聲」的弱勢族群,那麽安全反而有潛力成爲正面實踐「人的解放」之概念性工具。
    A new generation of trans-national security threats facing us in this Globalised era are borderless in nature; emerging from a remapping of the globe along unipolar lines following the end of the cold war, the illegal drug trade for example has gradually developed into a globalised industry, and the production of this trade has orientated itself towards the territory of so called failed states or economically and geopolitically marginalised areas. The situation in the Shan State, Myanmar, is an exaggerated version of this, as the country’s chronic drug trade has not only deepened and diversified but also led to the emergence of a string of other non-traditional security threats all fuelled by the characteristic poverty and marginalisation of this problem area. The complex connection between this new generation of security threats on the one side and failed or marginalized states on the other is not after all a coincidence but rather an indication of the deep-seated structural problems laying often dormant within the World political and economic system (UN 2000c:11 Bhattacharyya 2005: 92), revealing a deep and undeniable link between security and poverty. In recent years many of these human centred, poverty fuelled security threats have been defined in international security literature as part of a human security discourse. However, despite the fact that trans-national and human security are both part of this new non-traditional security discourse, they are in reality drastically different in terms of motivation and referent object for their securitization.

    With the Welsh School of Critical Security Studies (CSS) as its theoretical base, this thesis argues that any discussion of constructing new security measures at a localized level should be contingent on the deconstructing of the top-down hegemony which currently exists in mainstream security discourse. By stepping out of the given local and global framework, this critical project has sought out the roots of insecurity in the geopolitical historical context of Myanmar’s Shan States: the deep-seated conflict existing between the indigenous collective images of the region and the modern shared inter-subjective ideas which have become the ‘reality’ of the realist school of security studies. Following this process of deconstruction, this paper analyzes two attempts at an international level to reconstruct security measures for addressing trans-national security threats in the light of their roots in poverty and underdevelopment: the drug trade and HIV/AIDS. Through probing into the counterproductive effects of realist informed measures and policies, formulated in response to the emergence of these trans-national security threats, it becomes evident that only by first deepening the security discourse to include human-centred means with emancipatory ends, can policymakers and actors begin to address the multiple sources of insecurity threatening the Shan State which have been highlighted by the broadening of security to include new non-traditional issues.

    Finally this thesis discusses the potential of mainstreaming human security as a future direction for policymakers and security actors alike. Emphasising the dual advantages of this approach in its potential to improve the human security situation in the region and in turn reduce the amount of trans-national threats emerging from its borders, while at the same time working to restore both the Shan State and Myanmar to their respective political communities through a process of communicative action; while through the process of promoting cooperation and interaction between national and local governments and civil society within Myanmar, taking the first tentative step in establishing a bottom-up political community for the future.
    顯示於類別:[東南亞研究所] 學位論文

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