1985年戈巴契夫提出了幾個仿效西方自由主義的概念：「開放政策」、「改造」及「民主化」，對蘇聯造成很大的影響。俄羅斯獨立之後，長久以來一黨專政的政治文化告一段落，俄羅斯出現許多政黨及團體，國家的局勢有所不同。 1993年的憲法確立了俄國的多黨制，俄羅斯的政治多元化，為國內帶來一片新氣象。葉爾欽執政時期，提倡自由民主的民主派政黨支持政府的改革。民主派政黨延續戈巴契夫引進自由主義的概念，主張俄國應向西方看齊，提倡國家仿效西方式的改革。但改革的結果不如預期，也影響到右派政黨的支持度。雖然今日俄國國內有許多政黨，但惟有執政黨有影響力，俄羅斯沒有有力的民主派政黨。在俄羅斯獨立初期對國內改革有極大影響力的民主派政黨，今日在俄國杜馬中勢力單薄，在國內影響式微。 本論文利用歷史研究途徑，先了解俄羅斯自由主義的歷史背景以及發展，再探討俄國獨立後，提倡自由主義的民主派政黨在俄國發展的情形，以探討以下問題： （一）自由主義在俄國的發展情形。 （二）俄羅斯民主派政黨對俄羅斯的影響為何？並探討其影響力減弱之因素。 Gorbachev initiated concepts from liberalism: glasnost, perestroika, and democratic in 1985. After Russia became an independent country, one-party-system was ended. There were many political parties and groups were organized, and the country was in a different situation. According to the constitution of 1993, it established Russia''s multi-party political system, and it brought a new phenomenon to the country. When Yeltsin was the president at that time, the democratic parties supported government''s reforming. They advocated liberalism, and they continued Gorbachev’s reform concepts of liberalism. They advocated that the country should learn from the West, but the result of reform was unpredictable. It also affected the support of them. There are many political parties in Russia today, but there is only ruling party with great influence to the country. There are no powerful democratic parties in Russia. When Yeltsin was the president, the democratic parties had great influences to the country. Nowadays, there are few democratic members in Duma, and they have little influences to Russia. We have to know the background of liberalism and the development in Russia, then analyze the development of democratic parties in Russia by “Historical Approach”. The main purposes of the analysis in this thesis are:
1. The development of liberalism. 2. What are the influences of democratic parties to Russia? And what are the reasons which make democratic parties become weak?
