| 摘要: | 在俄語中，俄羅斯（Россия）是個陰性名詞，根據俄國的傳統，這個國家本身有著女性的靈魂。而俄羅斯的民族性，具備了豁達、慷慨、好客、熱愛自由、悲天憫人、忍耐、堅韌、喜愛幻想等特點，像是一個陰性的、女性氣質的個體。
雖然「母性」的觀念一直是俄羅斯文化的中心，但俄國女性地位卻始終不如男性，甚至要達到實際兩性平等的社會，俄國女性必須經過一段努力爭取的奮鬥歷程。不同於其他歐洲國家，女性地位在今日已經佔有一席之地，無論在政治、經濟、學術領域上都有許多女性傑出的代表人物，而俄羅斯的社會中，似乎還缺少著那麼一份力量，讓俄國的婦女可以和男性站在同樣的位置上。
究竟是什麼樣的傳統文化，讓俄國的女性地位如此根深蒂固呢？除了基督教的傳入，開始父神信仰的宗教因素之外，十六世紀「家規」（Домострой）的問世，其內容充分地規定了女性應當遵從的條例，日常生活與家庭事務中要無條件服從家長－父親與丈夫，無論是精神上或是身體上的。俄羅斯在封建時代，盛行著一句話：「上帝主宰世界，沙皇主宰國家，男人主宰家庭。」由此可知，一家之主對於婦女、兒童和全家老少擁有不受任何限制的統治權利。日常生活與家庭事務中要無條件服從一家之主，聽他的命令行事，這就是家規的意義。
俄羅斯女性的卑微地位，維持了很長的一段時間。而十八世紀到二十世紀初社會和經濟轉型的時期，新思潮的崛起，使俄羅斯的女性問題受到了關注，引起討論。俄羅斯的女性不再只有家庭主婦的職業，她們可以進入社會，參與和男性一樣的職業，賺取薪資。然而，這樣的現象究竟是真正的自由，還是其實遭到社會剝削，都必須深入探討。
而經過了漫長的自我權利爭取，近代的俄羅斯女性們是否如願能和男性平起平坐，在現今的社會中，還留著哪些傳統的影子，而傳統如何影響當代女性的價值觀，以及俄羅斯女性地位的未來走向，都是值得我們去研究的。
本文所分析的是傳統的社會，以社會性別的視角來切入主題。本文分為四大部分：第一部份俄國傳統社會中俄羅斯－女性與母親的迷思，融合宗教與哲學思想，去探討俄國傳統觀念中女性的俄羅斯、聖經中的女性形象、神聖的聖母與現實中無權的女性、母親與祖國的關係。
第二部分針對俄羅斯傳統習俗來洞悉女性在社會中的活動，研究內容為傳統婚禮儀式、農村社會中的女性文化及勞動。第三部份為家規對女性的影響，研究內容包含家規前的兩性關係、家規的問世、其標題和內容如何營造理想女性形象並約束她們的思想和權力，在這裡也會探討到俄國女性地位低落的主要原因，以及宗教深植人心難以改變的觀念，為本文的研究重心。
第四部份在探討女性的家庭地位與社會地位，探討時間為十八世紀到二十世紀，內容包括女孩子道德觀的培養、自小所受的家庭和學校教育、女性的職業以及1917年革命後的近代婦女地位。最後結論部份，研究傳統的婦女觀之當代意義，這部份的內容和第一部份相互輝映，對於傳統是如何影響現代來做一個融合。
In Russian language, “Russia” (Россия) is a feminine word. As its name insinuates, Russia carries a feminine soul according to its tradition. Furthermore, Russian people’s national characteristics such as magnanimity, generosity, hospitality, freedom-seeking, compassion, endurance, perseverance, and fantasy-loving, make them more like a feminine (and womanish) individual.
Although maternity has been always the central concept of Russian culture, women have an inferior social status compared to men in Russia. To fight for a gender-equal society, a tough striving is necessary. Compared to other European countries where females have already gained better social positions and had outstanding achievements in politic, economic and academic fields, Russian society still seems lacking strength to make women and men stand equal.
What kind of traditional culture which deeply led to Russian women’s inferior status? In addition to the religious factor of the faith of “God the father” in Christianity, the birth of "family rules" (Домострой) fully gave the ordinance that women should unconditionally conform to the householder—their father or husband— in daily life and whilst dealing with house chores, no matter spiritually or physically. In Russia’s feudal era, a prevailing saying went as “God dominate the universe, whilst Tsar dominates the country and men dominate the family.” The sentence shows that a household has an absolute power over women, children and every family member. The meaning of obeying "family rules" is to unconditionally comply with the household and follow his orders of family affairs in daily life.
Russian women stayed in their lowly status for very long time. Until the economy and society transformed from 18th to the beginning of 20th century and new ideas then emerged, Russian women’s issues eventually raised attention and triggered more discussions. Since then, Russian women, like men, could enter the society and earn money by working. However, there are still abundant debates about if this phenomenon is a true freedom for women or another social exploitation on women.
There are some questions worthy to be studied. After a long fight for rights, have women in contemporary Russia gained the equal rights as men, which is what they longed for? Does the past still shadow the modern society? How a modern woman’s value influenced by tradition? How about Russian women’s status in future?
To answer these questions, the aim of this thesis is to analyze the tradition society from a gender point of view. This thesis will be divided into four main parts. In the first part, the myth of mothers and women in Russian traditional society in religions and philosophy will be referred to discuss the “female Russia” in traditional values, the female image in the Bible, the contrast between the holiness of Holy Mother and women’s powerlessness in reality, and the relationship of mothers and mother country. The second part will centre on women’s activities in traditional society by discussing the customs, including the traditional wedding rituals, women’s culture and labor works in the rural society.
The third part will explore the influence of “family rules” on women. The contents will include the relationship of two genders before the birth of “family rules”, the formation of “family rules”, and how the titles and contents of “family rules” build up the ideal female image and constrain women’s thoughts and power. In this part, the main reasons which led to Russian women’s low status, and the deep rooted religious values will be discussed. This part is the main focus of this thesis. The fourth part is about women’s family status and social status during eighteenth century to twentieth century. It will include the cultivation of girls’ ethic values, family and school education, women’s occupation and women’s status after 1917 Russian Revolution. In the last conclusion part, the modern meaning of traditional values on women will be discussed. This part responds to the first part of my thesis—it will look at the traditional impact on the modern society and how tradition and modernity fuse. |
