台灣雖為降雨量多的地區，但水資源受自然條件與法令規範的限制，致使水資源的使用率偏低，近年來農業產值遠不如工業產值，但農業水卻仍佔全部用水量的三分之二以上，如何提高水資源使用效率成為一重要課題。本文之研究目的在於探討我國水資源利用上所遭遇的問題，及在目前環境中建立水銀行制度，進行水量移轉交易之可行性。過去在乾旱時期，為供應民生與工業用水實行休耕政策，休耕的補償金額，多靠協調制定，但常因雙方意見不同，難以達成共識且補償費用全由政府負擔，不合乎社會公平原則，在法則尚未允許水權自由交易的情況下，可參考美國德州水銀行制度，建立一交易之仲介與監督機構，利用短期水量移轉方式，提高水資源利用效率，在交易價格的考量上，新用水人除負擔元用水人之原使用水人之原始用水成本與損失補償外，加以考量新增利益之合理分配給予原用水者經濟誘因，使其能有意願釋出水量，由於過去水權之核發無嚴格審查與總量管制之概念，致使水權登記與實際用水情況不同，及水權超量超量核發等問題，未來可能出現新申請水權人申請到水權卻分配不到水量的情況，在水權管理分面，應重新調查用水情形，並開徵水權費，以期能以價制量，未來可修法使水權交易合法化，參考澳洲新威爾斯州之制度與進程，建立水權交易機制，利用市場交易機制，來達成水資源最佳利用之目的。 Although Taiwan has enough rainfall, but water resource utility rate still low due to environment condition and regulation control. Currently the output value from agriculture is much lower then industry, but we spend more then 2/3 of the water resource on agriculture. Our purpose is analyze what issues we are facing on water resource utility rate, and also the feasibility study regarding create water-bank system to make water trade. In the past, government use fallow policy to supply public and industry water in drought, but the compensate amount for fallow were depend on negotiation and pay by government which is not impartial to community. Therefore, we can use water-bank in Texas U.S. as reference case before water right trade is legal. Use short-term water exchange to increase the utility rate by creates a system for agency and monitor water trade. The base of water’s price, the new user should not only responsible for .former owner prime and compensate cost but also extra benefit for former owner to lead the water release. Due to total value control and exacting audit concept did no apply in water right application in previous, so it may happen some thing like water right and actual use are different or total water right higher then total water value. It may cause new user acquire water right but no water can be use in the future. In case of water right management, should re-check (audit) the water actual use value and charge the water rights pricing. Next, we can refer to Australia New South Wales’s system and process to modify our law to let water trade become legal. Then water utility rate can be increase by water trade system.
