| 摘要: | 臺灣位處於亞熱帶地區，每當春、夏炎熱的季節，常在海邊及溪流看到滿山滿谷的戲水人潮，惟潛伏著誘人的危機，民眾經常忽略自身的安全，造成溺水事故頻傳。故本研究嘗試以全臺灣發生溺水事故最多的臺北縣，採用質性研究的文件、觀察及訪談等方法，從大豹溪、南勢溪、新店溪等危險水域設置救生站的救生員中，去瞭解發生溺水事故的危險因素；並藉由訪談政府相關部門等人員，探討現行溺水防制政策不足之處，同時參酌國外的防溺政策，藉以提出臺北縣防制溺水事故之政策建議。
本研究結果發現危險水域溺水事故發生因素有：一、個人行為因素：年輕人逞強競泳；穿牛仔褲冒然下水；不清楚水域特性；失足滑倒，跌入深水中；體力不支、抽筋、泳技不佳而溺水；跳水不慎，撞到石頭或嗆水；不當使用泳具；大人疏於監督及照顧；不瞭解水域深淺；酗酒及飽食下水，導致溺水。二、水域危險因素：漩渦、暗流及河床落差；午後大雷雨，造成水流湍急，被水沖走；岩石濕滑、隱石滑動、間距大，導致被水沖走或卡在石縫的意外；水溫層異常大、水溫冰冷，導致抽筋。三、環境安全因素：有無足夠的安全設施；有無設置警告措施；有無設置救生站；溺水者有無施行CPR。
從現行防制政策發現若干缺失及不足之處計有：事權不統一缺乏專責單位、法令不健全未能有效執行、警告標誌各色各樣、預防宣導工作明顯不足、水上安全教育尚待全面推行、亟需推廣游泳救生技術、溺水救活率有待提昇。因此，對於政府建設、教育、衛生、消防等部門提出相關的建議。最後對於溺水事故防制對策提出之結論如下：一、策略的分享：溺水事故防止及宣導部份，藉由環境的改變降低其發生率，並以各單位事故傷害防制策略及成效互相分享。二、資源的連結：各單位所需協助與支援，共同研擬合作模式。三、資料的彙整：溺水之死亡率、發生率部分須彙整及分析，作為防溺策略之規劃參考。
Taiwan is located in the subtropical area. During spring and summer, people often crowd in the seashores, creeks and rivers, where potential risks exist. In addition, those people often ignore their safety that usually leads to drowning accidents. This research tries to find the factors causing drowning in hazardous water area, such as Dabao creek, Nanshi creek, and Xidien creek, in Taipei County by interviewing those lifeguards in the lifesaving stations. This research also intends to propose the policy suggestions for preventing drowning accidents by interviewing the workers of the government''s related departments, identifying the weaknesses of current drowning prevention policies, and taking the drowning prevention policies of others countries as reference.
According to the findings of this research, the causal factors of drowning in dangerous water areas are as follows. Firstly, personal behavior factors include: young people swimming to compete with each other, people entering water with jeans, not knowing the characteristics of the water areas, slipping into the deep water, being exhausted, having spasms, poor swimming skills, diving and bumping against stones or chocks to water carelessly, using swimming tools improperly, adults are negligent of supervising and looking after, not understanding the depths of water areas, and drunk or entering water after eating too much. Secondly, dangerous factors of water areas include: the swirl, the undercurrent and the riverbed drop, being washed away by water caused by afternoon thunderstorm causing the rivers to be rapid, the wet and slippery rocks, invisible moving stones, the large intervals/gaps, causing people to be washed away or stuck in the stone’s crack, the water temperature differences at different layers being huge, the icy-cold water that resulting in spasms. Third, environmental safety factors include: lack of safety devices, lack of warnings, lack of lifesaving stations, and lack of proper CPR.
The research findings indicate that current accident prevention policies have the following weaknesses: lack of in-charge organizations with duties and responsibilities, lack of enforceable laws and rules, lack of unified caution/warning signs, insufficient prevention and guidance work, needing to pursue the water safety education in an all-round way, and needing to popularize swimming lifesaving skills; The recovery rate of drowning accidents still need to be improved and related public departments, such as construction, education, health, and fire Department, have to keep providing suggestions. The conclusions of the proposed strategy for drowning accident prevention are (1) strategy sharing: regarding the prevention and education of drowning accidents, to reduce the incidence rate by changing the environment, and to share the strategies and achievements of incidence prevention done by all units; (2) resource integration: all units need to help and support one another, and to find out the cooperation mechanisms; and (3) integration of achievements and information: integrating and analyzing the death rate and frequency of drown accidents as a reference for downing prevention strategies. |
