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| 題名: | 菲律賓的華人政策(1946-1986) |
| 其他題名: | The ethnic Chinese policy of the Philippines,1946-1986 |
| 作者: | 張詠涵;Chang, Yong-han |
| 貢獻者: | 淡江大學東南亞研究所碩士班
陳鴻瑜 |
| 關鍵詞: | 菲律賓;華人;同化;The Philippines;ethnic Chinese;Assimilation |
| 日期: | 2009 |
| 上傳時間: | 2010-01-10 23:59:41 (UTC+8) |
| 摘要: | 菲律賓的華人人口約117萬，較東南亞的印尼、馬來西亞而言，人口比例屬於少數，但如同其他國家的華人一樣，菲律賓華人具優越的商業能力，在菲國經濟扮演重要的角色。菲國於1946年獨立後，「菲人第一」的極端民族主義湧現，在經濟領域表現較佳的華人成為菲人攻擊箭靶。歷任總統（馬嘉柏皋及馬可仕除外）為爭取民心，鞏固自己的政治地位，均致力於推動零售業菲化案等各項經濟菲化案，意圖藉由遏制華人的經濟力量，提昇菲律賓人的經濟地位。種種措施一時之間對菲律賓華人造成極大影響，使華人被迫退出這些行業的經營。但華人一向擅於變通，多以加入菲籍或運用人頭方式繼續營業，或轉至其他行業，反而得到良好發展。
馬可仕總統在1965年執政後，開始調整歧視華人的政策，並修訂國籍法，放寬華人入籍程序，同時處理自1950年以來存在的中國逾期遊客懸案。其後，華人入籍菲國人數大幅增加，對華人融入菲律賓社會影響深遠；另一方面，馬可仕為讓華人快速融合於菲國，並增加對菲國的政治認同，於1973年推動華校菲化案，使菲律賓華文教育逐漸式微，並加速華人融合於菲國之進程。
本文歸納出以下結論：菲國獨立後之各項經濟菲化政策，導致華人經濟暫時遭受嚴重打擊，短期間菲人獲得零售業等行業之獨佔地位，但長期而言卻導致菲律賓經濟失序，不利國家整體發展。嚴格來說，菲律賓從實施排華政策，到逐漸採取包容政策，接受多元族群文化，並善用華人的商業能力，逐步修正過時的華人政策，有助於華人融入菲律賓社會。目前菲律賓華人仍保留農曆過年及廟會習俗，中華文化傳統在菲國華人社會仍獲傳承，顯示華人並未完全被菲律賓原生民族同化。然而從今日菲國華人多已認同菲律賓為其國家、多數信奉天主教，且菲、華人通婚比率極高等現象可證，華人已高度融合於菲律賓社會。
The number of the Ethnic Chinese in the Philippines amounts to nearly 1.17 million. Compared to the number of population of Ethnic Chinese in other Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia, Ethnic Chinese are minority in the Philippines. However, they are energetic entrepreneurs in the Philippines and play a significant role that is no different from one of their counterparts in other countries in this region.
Since the Philippine went independent in 1946, an extreme nationalism which promoted the interest of native Filipinos as the top priority emerged and took on the Chinese community as its target. In order to win popular support and consolidate their political base, the governments under each presidency (except Diosdado Macapagal and Ferdinand Marcos) adopted “Filipinization” policies in the economic field, including the Nationalization of Retail Trade Law. They were launched to suppress the economic power of the Chinese community and raised the economic status of the Filipinos. As a result, the Chinese community withdrew from these industries. However, The Ethnic Chinese consequently flexibly applied for naturalization and used native title to continue in operating their business, or moving into new industries. Since the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos (beginning in 1965), however, the discriminative policies were adjusted. The disadvantageous “Filipinization” policies were amended, the Nationality Act was reformed (the naturalization requirement was simplified), and the pending case of the overstaying Chinese visitors since 1950 was solved. Since then, the number of Chinese naturalization had significantly increased, which profoundly affected the integration of Chinese community into the main society. In order to speed up their integration as well as strengthen their political identity, the Filipinization of Chinese school that was launched by Marcos in 1973 resulted in the decline of Chinese language education
This thesis concludes that “Filipinization” policies in the economic field brought negative impact on the Chinese economic status and helped the Filipino population to gain monopoly in the retail industry. However, it disturbed the development of the national economy in the long term. As for the Chinese community, the evolution of the policy packs toward the Ethnic Chinese assisted the integration of the community. They were gradually amended from exclusion, accommodation to multiculturalism, in which Chinese business capability is appreciated and utilized. The fact that the Chinese community preserves the custom of celebrating the Chinese New Year and folk festivals of religious nature indicates that the Chinese culture and tradition have been transmitted and the community is yet to be assimilated by the native Filipino society. On the other hand, other signs including Chinese identifying the Philippines as their country, converting to Catholics, and a high percentage of inter-marriage suggest increased integration. |
| 顯示於類別: | [東南亞研究所] 學位論文
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