| 摘要: | 嘉永6(1853)年6月，培里率領4艘軍艦到達浦賀之後，日本的幕藩體制便急速地走向崩解。勝海舟這個名字能夠在歷史上出現便是肇因於身分秩序的瓦解。在嚴格的封建制度之下，勝海舟原本是身分極低的御家人，但從培里叩關之後到明治維新為止的短短15年間他歷任了軍艦奉行並、軍艦奉行、海軍奉行並等職位，最後晉升至陸軍總裁一職來看，可以證明身分秩序已然瓦解。當然，在這種動亂的時代之中，若沒有實力的話是無法擔任重要的職務的。而勝海舟所學習到的知識正好符合時代的需求，也就是所謂的「蘭學」；並且是幕府最急需的「洋式兵學」。而後在嘉永6年的7月，幕府的首席老中阿部正弘就培里所帶來的國書向各藩尋求意見，因此大量的意見書猶如雪片般地紛紛湧至；在這之中勝海舟也提出了自己的意見書。若與其他同時期的意見書相比，勝海舟的意見書條理分明地具體陳述了改革方案。由於勝海舟的想法與幕府高層的一致，因此他被延攬成為幕府閣僚，由此開展其波瀾壯闊的一生。
另一方面，由於培里艦隊叩關的影響，幕府開始著手進行國內的軍事改革。但是，從島原之亂以來一直嚴守海禁政策的幕府，其軍備之中的海上武力可說是付之闕如。因此幕府透過在歐洲國家之中唯一與其有著貿易關係的荷蘭商館，導入西洋式的航海術與海軍術；而最初期的教育機關便是長崎海軍傳習所。勝海舟自身也進入此傳習所學習，他與幕府海軍之間的關聯正是由此開始的。
本論文所採用的路線是整理幕府末期的時代環境與政治體制之下勝海舟的海軍論以及其建設論和運用論，透過勝海舟所遺留下來的著作來剖析所謂的「海軍」對於內部幕府的封建制度，以及外部周遭鄰國有著什麼樣的連結與影響，期望藉此來重新檢討幕末海軍的性質。
In June 1853, after Matthew Calbraith Perry had led four warships to arrive the Uraga, Japan''s feudalism then rapidly moved towards the disintegration. Kaishū-Katsu, this name could be appear in the history because of the Rank System disintegration. Under the strict feudalism, the Katsu originally was extremely low rank of the Gokeninn. But after Perry had knocked at the gate of closed Japan to the Meiji Revolution up to during short 15 years, Katsu successively held Secondary Rear Admiral, Rear Admiral, Secondary Vice Admiral, and so on. Finally Katsu promoted to Field Marshal that was allowed to prove Rank System had already disintegrated. Certainly, during this kind of turmoil period, someone was unable to hold the post of the important duty if he did not have the ability. But Katsu had studied the knowledge that was conformed to the time demand. Also it was so-called "Dutch Studies". And it was "European Military Science" that the Shogunate most urgently needed. In July 1853, the chief Rouchuu Masahiro-Abe asked the opinion for vassal with credentials that Perry had brought. Therefore the massive prospectuses were just like the snowflake to well up in abundance to Shogunate. Katsu also proposed his own prospectus in these. If comparing with other same time prospectuses, Katsu’s prospectus orderly, clearly, specifically stated the reform plan. As a result of Katsu’s idea with the Shogunate high level consistency, therefore he was solicited into the Shogunate cabinet, from this developed his mammoth life.
On the other hand, because the influence which the Perry’s fleet had knocked at the gate, the Shogunate started to take steps the domestic military reform. But, Shogunate had strictly held feudalism since Rebellion of Simabara, in its armament marine military force may say it to be lacking. Therefore Shogunate penetrated in the European country only had had the trade relations the Dutch business hall, introducing the European navigation technique and the navy technique; but the most initial education institution was Nagasaki Naval Training School. Katsu himself also entered this school to study. He was precisely from this started with the Navy of the Tokugawa Shogunate between connection.
The present paper uses the route that reorganizes the Shogunate’s last phase the time environment and under the political system the Katsu’s navy, construction, and the utilization theory. Penetrate the work which Katsu has left behind down to analyze "the navy" so-called regarding the internal Shogunate’s feudalism, as well as exterior surroundings the neighboring country to have any type linking with the influence. Expect to take advantage of this and reexamine the last phase of Shogunate’s navy the nature. |
