| 摘要: | 近年中美頻繁的軍事交流背後，是持續而深化的海事安全交流。在2006年9月及11月，中美兩國海軍首次舉行海上聯合搜救演習。同年6月11日的下午，二次大戰結束後，首艘訪華的美國國土安全部海岸防衛隊主力執法船”急流（USCGC Rush －WHEC 723）” 號，即抵達青島港，進行為期5天的友好訪問。這兩個看似獨立的事件，都同屬於「綜合性安全」領域的海事安全交流。
中美海事安全交流有近卅年歷史。有人認為崛起的中國，將和美國形成新的冷戰局面。但中美穩健的海事安全交流，卻是當年美蘇冷戰時期所罕見的。中美的海事安全交流，最早可回溯至1979年5月8日的《中美海洋和漁業科技議定書》。而後幾年所建立的海事安全合作基礎，每每為擺盪的中美關係，發揮關鍵的調節作用。1998年1月17日兩國所簽訂的《海上軍事磋商協定（Military Maritime Consultation Agreement, MMCA）》，即為2001年中美軍機擦撞事件所形成的軍事交流低潮期，帶來一線曙光。而1993年所簽定的中美《關於有效合作和執行聯合國大會46/215號決議的諒解備忘錄》，則催化了今日中美豐富的海事安全合作。
中美海事安全交流自從兩國建交開始，即不斷發揮調節中美關係的功能。正逐步邁向海洋的中共，不得不與同屬亞太大國的美國合作。而美國為強化反恐力道，建構全球反恐戰略，亦不得不與中共合作。中共透過海洋行政執法機關及海軍，與同樣具有海上非傳統安全領域反恐需求的美國，進行交流與合作，以借鑑其豐富的海事經驗與強大的海事力量。一方面穩固中美兩國關係，一方面則彌補自身海事安全能力的不足。中國將會從中獲得豐碩的利益。
In recent years, the Sino-US maritime security exchanges, which are behind the frequent Sino-US military exchanges, have continued to expand. The China and U.S. Navy held Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) exercises in September and November of 2006. On June 11, 2006, the Honolulu-based U.S. Coast Guard cutter RUSH (USCGC WHWC 723) conducted a 5-day friendly visit to Qingdao, a coastal city in east China. Both events in the same year seem to be unrelated to each other. However, the nature of both events can be characterized as maritime security exchanges in the field of Comprehensive Security.
China and the U.S. have conducted maritime security exchanges since the 1970s. Many believe that a rising China would lead to a higher possibility of a new Cold War against the U.S.. However, sound maritime security exchanges like those currently ongoing between China and the U.S. had barely occurred between the Soviet Union and the U.S. in the Cold War. The Sino-US maritime security exchanges can be traced back to the US-China Protocol on Maritime and Fishery Science and Technology signed on May 8, 1979. Afterwards, some similar maritime protocols signed by both sides contributed a great deal to Sino-US relations. For instance, the Military Maritime Consultation Agreement (MMCA) signed by China and the U.S. on January 17, 1998 corroborated bilateral relations. So that they underwent the hard times caused by China-US Air Collision Incident in 2001. Moreover, Memorandum of Understanding between the United States and the PRC on Effect Cooperation and Implementation of the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/215 signed in 1993 facilitated the current robust Sino-US cooperation in the field of maritime security exchanges.
The Sino-US maritime security exchanges have been playing a key role to the Sino-US relations since the establishment of their formal diplomatic ties. From China’s perspective, China has to work together with the U.S., which has great influence in the Asia-Pacific area, in order to become a maritime nation. From the U.S. perspective, it is necessary to cooperate with China to complete its global anti-terror strategy. By making use of the Chinese maritime law enforcement agencies and the Navy forces, China has been successfully conducting exchanges and cooperation with the U.S. side. On the other hand, the U.S. also has a great need to exercise maritime security exchanges to improve anti-terror capability. China expects to gain the knowledge of the U.S. experiences of maritime affairs, and observe the mighty US maritime strength. Additionally, by going through these maritime security exchanges, China not only will be able to stabilize the relations with the U.S., but also can enhance his own straggling maritime security capability. To sum up, China will benefit greatly from the maritime security exchanges and cooperation with the U.S.. |
