| 摘要: | 近代以來，在關於中國的諸多主題中，國家與社會可以說是最具現實性和理論性的話題之一。時至今日，確立國家與社會的和諧關係已經成為現代轉型期中國面臨的最關鍵問題，此一問題的解決必將為解決中國其他諸多問題創設必要的條件。中國國家與社會關係業已成為認識中國現實政治中若干重大問題的共同切入點，以國家與社會為分析架構和考量標準，我們可以清晰地把握中共領導下的中國在現代化和民主化道路上每一個前進的腳步，深刻地理解中國現實政治和社會中存在的種種問題和中國在前進道路上的諸多制約因素。中共20世紀70年代末推行改革開放的基本國策以來，中國政治、經濟和社會生活各方面都發生了相當大的變化，中國開始進入政治、經濟急速轉軌的現代轉型期。這一時期，中共領導的國家機器全權一統的局面被打破，社會逐步發展壯大並且自身的組織能力不斷增強，一時間，國家與社會關係開始出現某種良性化的徵兆。在政府職能轉變、村民自治、城市社區建設等都是中共允許並且著力推動的，因而現代轉型期中國的社會變革以及政治、經濟、文化發展與這三個方面的內容聯繫極其密切。三者對中國傳統的國家與社會關係產生強烈衝擊，推動著中國國家與社會關係艱難嬗變的進程。中共的自我革新是現代轉型期中國國家與社會關係調整的核心因素，伴隨著關係的演進而進行。今天，雖然中共已從十六大的舉措中展現出新的象徵和信號，特別是「三個代表」的基層化和具體化仍是影響中共革新的核心因素，也是決定其能否進一步與社會協調、獲得持續政治忠誠與支持的關鍵所在。在社會自主性不斷提高的過程中，中共已經開始有意識，有策略地從某些領域中退出，逐步下放權力，並改革政治經濟一體化，文化價值取向一元化，政府與社會合二為一的局面，以提高對社會訴求的反應能力和對外界壓力的預警程度。在全球化條件下，中國的市場化進程得到了極大的推動，這不僅增強了廣大民眾的民主化意識，而且為社會自組織力量的發展提供了資源基礎。為了最有效地追求自己的利益、實現自己的願望、滿足自己的要求，人們紛紛組建利益集團或社會團體。而且這些組織或社團隨著經濟社會的發展，數量越來越多，所追求的目標差異也越來越大。也就是說，這些社團組織日益分化和多元化。這些組織的大量出現將使中國不可避免地進入一個多元時代。同時，民眾與世界聯繫日益緊密，開闢了廣闊的資源空間和資源獲取渠道，也為中國大陸國家與社會關係調整中社會一方增加了砝碼，有助於推動中國國家與社會關係的和諧發展。#
Among the many hot issues on China in recent years, state and society should be one of the most significant topics theoretically and practically speaking. How to establish a harmonious relation between state and society has been so far the most decisive problem for transitional China, the resolution of which is necessary prerequisite for the solution of many other issues. Thus state-society relationship has been an important perspective to view various problems in China’s political realities. With this analysis structure and research criteria, we can see clearly China’ each step along the road of modernization and democratization under the leadership of Chinese Communist Party, understand deeply the diverse problems in state and society as well as various bonds and limits on China’s progress.
Since the reforming and opening up policy in late 1970s, great changes have occurred in China’s political, economic, social and all other aspects. China has begun to come into a rapid transitional period. During this period, the concentration of power by the central party was broken, with society growing fast and strong. Some beneficial omens in state-society relationship have appeared, the most important of which are changes of government roles, self-governance of villagers, development of urban communities. These three “changes within regime” are permitted and driven by the central party, thus giving a great impact on traditional state-society relationship and a strong impetus to the painful progress of modern state-society relation shaping. As a result, the modern reform of transitional China as well as her political, economic, and cultural development has a close connection to these three aspects.
CCP’s self-innovation is the key factor of state-society relationship in transitional China. Growing with the change and progress of state-society relation, CCP’s self-innovation has its special logic. Although new signals have appeared in the 16th Convention, the implement of “Three Represents” is still the key of CCP’s self-innovation, and also the key to gain continuous political loyalty and support. CCP has receded from some areas with consciousness and strategy, giving up part of the power, and trying to change the status quo of concentrated political-economic system, uniform cultures and values, unitary state and society, as an active response to the society’s needs and pressures.
In such a global times, China’s marketing progress was powerfully pushed, awaking and strengthening the public’s democratic needs, and providing material basis for social self-governance. In order to pursue their own interests and wishes in a most effective way, the public tends to organize themselves, leading to the production and flourish of interest groups or namely, social groups. As the economy develops, the quality of such groups are growing fast, with the goals of which also more and more diverse, making China consequently coming into a new diverse times. At the same time, the close relations between the public and the world create more room to develop and make it more convenient to gain various resources. This will surely add some weight to society in the equitation of state and society, contributing to the harmonious development of state-society relations.# |
