The recovery of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash is currently considered to be the most viable solution for its management. However, in developing resource recovery technologies, it is crucial to consider the overall environmental impact. This study employed a life-cycle assessment (LCA) to compare environmentally friendly red bricks partially utilizing MSWI fly ash as a raw material with conventional red bricks. The results demonstrate that the use of phosphoric acid during the resource recovery process imposes the most significant environmental burden, followed by electricity consumption. To address this issue, in this study, we simulated the replacement of phosphoric acid with phosphoric acid monohydrate recovered from discarded fire extinguishers, resulting in the production of second-generation environmentally friendly red bricks. The analysis revealed that the environmentally friendly red bricks exhibited a mere 5.52% increase in total environmental impact compared with traditional red bricks. Moreover, by stabilizing heavy metals using recovered phosphoric acid monohydrate, the second-generation environmentally friendly red bricks achieved an 8.75% reduction in total environmental impact relative to traditional red bricks. These findings highlight the environmental benefits of fly ash reuse in red brick production, and the incorporation of other industrial waste or byproducts could further enhance its efficacy. The application of the LCA facilitated the identification of key areas for improvement and enabled precise evaluation of the environmental benefits associated with waste reuse.
