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| Title: | A tale of two DIGs: The relative role of H II regions and low-mass hot evolved stars in powering the diffuse ionised gas (DIG) in PHANGS-MUSE galaxies |
| Authors: | F. Belfiore, F. Santoro, B. Groves, E. Schinnerer, K. Kreckel, S. C. O. Glover, R. S. Klessen, E. Emsellem, G. A. Blanc, E. Congiu, A. T. Barnes, M. Boquien, M. Chevance, D. A. Dale, J. M. Diederik Kruijssen, A. K. Leroy, H.-A. Pan, I. Pessa, A. Schruba and T. G. Williams |
| Keywords: | galaxies: ISM;galaxies: star formation;HII regions;ISM: structure;ISM: general;Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| Date: | 2022-03 |
| Issue Date: | 2023-04-28 17:46:15 (UTC+8) |
| Publisher: | Hans Publishers, Inc.,Hansi Chubanshe |
| Abstract: | We use integral field spectroscopy from the PHANGS–MUSE survey, which resolves the ionised interstellar medium structure at ∼50 pc resolution in 19 nearby spiral galaxies, to study the origin of the diffuse ionised gas (DIG). We examine the physical conditions of the diffuse gas by first removing morphologically defined H II regions and then binning the low-surface-brightness areas to achieve significant detections of the key nebular lines in the DIG. A simple model for the leakage and propagation of ionising radiation from H II regions is able to reproduce the observed distribution of Hα in the DIG. This model infers a typical mean free path for the ionising radiation of 1.9 kpc for photons propagating within the disc plane. Leaking radiation from H II regions also explains the observed decrease in line ratios of low-ionisation species ([S II]/Hα, [N II]/Hα, and [O I]/Hα) with increasing Hα surface brightness (ΣHα). Emission from hot low-mass evolved stars, however, is required to explain: (1) the enhanced low-ionisation line ratios observed in the central regions of some of the galaxies in our sample; (2) the observed trends of a flat or decreasing [O III]/Hβ with ΣHα; and (3) the offset of some DIG regions from the typical locus of H II regions in the Baldwin–Phillips–Terlevich (BPT) diagram, extending into the area of low-ionisation (nuclear) emission-line regions (LI[N]ERs). Hot low-mass evolved stars make a small contribution to the energy budget of the DIG (2% of the galaxy-integrated Hα emission), but their harder spectra make them fundamental contributors to [O III] emission. The DIG might result from a superposition of two components, an energetically dominant contribution from young stars and a more diffuse background of harder ionising photons from old stars. This unified framework bridges observations of the Milky Way DIG with LI(N)ER-like emission observed in nearby galaxy bulges. |
| Relation: | Astronomy & Astrophysics 659, p.29 |
| DOI: | 10.1051/0004-6361/202141859 |
| Appears in Collections: | [物理學系暨研究所] 期刊論文
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