DSpace collection: 期刊論文

Labor Migration from Southeast Asia to Taiwan: Issues, Public Responses and Future Development

title: Labor Migration from Southeast Asia to Taiwan: Issues, Public Responses and Future Development abstract: Purpose This paper is mainly focused on labor migration from Southeast Asia to Taiwan, showing a route of south–south mobility and discussing the causes of migrant workers in Taiwan, the issues faced by migrant workers as well as public response to migrant workers. Design/methodology/approach Besides a literate review on the topic of migrant worker researches in Taiwan, the data for this research was also based on qualitative interviews and observations conducted both in the fieldwork in Taiwan and in Indonesia between June and August during the summer of 2018. Findings The transnational mobility let many migrants from Southeast Asian countries to Taiwan end up losing their cultural capital and “make money” instead. For these migrants, they have experienced a downward social mobility of class through transnational mobility. Research limitations/implications Because of the chosen research approach, the research results may lack generalizability. More migrant laborers from various origin countries were encouraged to include for further research. Practical implications Labor migration cases from Southeast Asia to Taiwan could very well serve as good examples in the carrying out of a reflection on the limit of focusing on social science only inside nation-states in order to push a forward thinking on the transnationalization of social inequality. Originality/value This paper calls attention to the close linkage between transnational mobility and social inequality. It showed how the transnationalization of social inequality could get new faces through the new waves of labor migration.

美國的政治整合

title: 美國的政治整合 abstract: 本文重點在探討美國的建國歷程中，如何將領土內不同族群背景的群體整合至一個單一中央政府底下，服膺於一個中央政府，特別是在領土建制整合上，檢視美國在建國與國土擴張後，進行的政治整合，從邦聯體制到制憲後的聯邦體制，以及後續逐漸擴張取得的領土，到當前形成各種不同分類的領土定位。美國的政治整合，聯邦政府與州政府，以及州政府之間的府際關係是整合的重點。加上往西開拓的新州加入，以及海外屬地的領土擴張，雖然有殖民的事實，但美國卻不願以殖民形式來定位這些屬地的關係。其中波多黎各的地位最爲獨特，不是一個獨立地區，也不是美國的一州，身爲美國公民，但只享受到部分的憲法保障權利。這是人權立國，強調平權的美國猶如是阿基里斯腱炎一般，不定期就會隱隱作痛。盡管美國歷屆總統大都表示支持波多黎各爭取成爲美國的一州，但是總都是口惠而已，真正擁有決定權的國會都沒有作爲，美國總統也都未積極加以推波助瀾。

美國的制憲-大妥協的產物

title: 美國的制憲-大妥協的產物 abstract: 美國的憲法是人類第一部成文憲法，也是We the people第一次寫入人類的憲法中，它也產生前所未見的國家治理模式。面對關於美國憲法各種不同的評價，本文希望能詳加檢視美國制憲的過程與意義，驗證一般的刻板印象或是既有的粗略概念，同時希望能找出新的啟發。制憲是一個民族性格與民主性格的養成。美國制憲的大妥協確立美國立國精神，認清利益必然衝突的本質。只有制定有輸有贏的機會和制度才能長治久安。妥協是爲了讓競爭繼續，爲自己也讓別人有翻本的機會。另外，美國制憲給我們的啓示是，除了底層人民的熱情與決心外，上層菁英的智慧與論述能力更是成功的關鍵。

Visioning the Future: Evaluating Learning Outcomes and Impacts of Futures-Oriented Education

title: Visioning the Future: Evaluating Learning Outcomes and Impacts of Futures-Oriented Education abstract: In a world of continuous change, fostering futures thinking in the education system has been recognized as a preferred and effective outcome to transform the current factory learning orientation into a culture of foresight. A lack of quantitative research on the measurable outcomes of futures learning seems to discouraging its development in the community of higher education. To fill the gap, this research conducted an empirical examination to evaluate the outcomes and impacts of Tamkang University’s future-oriented education; with a quantitative survey of 578 valid samples collected. This study applies the technique of factor analysis with five dimensions of futures thinking were identified: change agent, transdisciplinary system, long-term thinking, concern for others and openness to alternatives. The results indicate that students who have taken futures courses demonstrate statistically significant higher performance in two dimensions of futures thinking, namely transdisciplinary system and openness to alternatives. Additionally, they are more optimistic toward the year 2030. Male students exhibited significantly higher levels of change-agent futures thinking than that of female students. Freshmen, students of the business college and those less active in club activities exhibited lower performance in three dimensions of futures thinking. The initial results should bring guidance for other similar educational institutes that may consider following the path of futures-oriented pedagogical design.

Imagining 2060: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of University Students' Perspectives

title: Imagining 2060: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of University Students' Perspectives abstract: This study is an investigation into the preferred images of the environment in 2060 held by a cross-cultural cohort of undergraduate students at Tamkang University, Taiwan. The findings indicate that students believe they have a low level of agency to bring about their desired futures, although they are confident in the power of technology to achieve them. The study uses a combination of survey, imaging through drawing, and causal layered analysis (CLA) to deconstruct the current dominant options around climate change and the environment, and reconstruct future anticipations.

Transforming Environmental Values for a Younger Generation in Taiwan: A Participatory Action Approach to Curriculum Design

title: Transforming Environmental Values for a Younger Generation in Taiwan: A Participatory Action Approach to Curriculum Design abstract: This research proposes sustainability-oriented foresight education as a transformative intervention for societies genuinely seeking to create economic and ecological well being for future generations. Taiwan has started to enter a critical stage in developing a more environmentally-minded and futures-oriented worldview. While related prior research mostly emphasizes macro-level institutional change, this study focuses on evaluating the possibilities for encouraging sustainability-consciousness among young citizens through higher education. Students of the course ＂Environmental Changes and Sustainable Futures＂ were the participants in a quasi-experimental research design with pre- and post-measurements, and using participatory learning, reflective journals, and scenario workshops as the tools of pedagogical intervention. The results suggest that through a process of integrative learning, a culture of forward-thinking and visioning for sustainable alternative futures is emerging. Most importantly, student participants show promise as potential change agents for creating alternative environmental values and sustainable behaviors.

美國總統制之選擇與運作

title: 美國總統制之選擇與運作

義大利的公投─歐盟因素

title: 義大利的公投─歐盟因素 abstract: 義大利是少數西歐國家中允許由人民直接發動公投的國家，因而公投經驗豐富，所有公投次數在西歐民主國家中僅次於瑞士，並經常被類爲公投研究的案例。本文主要探討重點在於認識義大利公投之制度設計，執行情形，並探討近年來最引人注目的2016憲政公投，特別是夾雜在那次公投中的歐盟因素，最後則以未來學的多層次因果分析法，對義大利的公投進行深度分析。我們發現許多導致2016年公投的表面問題，例如政府施政效率不彰、經濟衰退、日益嚴重的難民湧入問題。在系統層我們則看到義大利憲政體制造成的立法延宕，內閣不穩，以及決策受限歐盟規範的制度性原因與結果。在世界觀與論述方面，2016年公投除了是對憲政改革的集體意志表達外，因爲倫齊如果下台後，右派民粹傾向的五星行動黨可能組閣，於是世人便將此公投視爲義大利對與歐盟未來關係的一次表態，歐盟因素便被加入分析討論中，我們也從許多實證調查資料中發現義大利對歐盟的較負面的態度。最後的迷思或隱喻部分，我們提出是否以民粹風潮來看待義大利2016公投的結果乃爲過度簡化與誤導。 Italy, indeed, is a country with plenty of experiences in upholding referendums. This article is to comprehend its institutional designs and practices in a long period of time. Moreover, we try to use 2016 Referendum as a case study to explore the influence of European Union in all aspects. In the end we use Causal Layered Analysis to dissect and conclude the complicated issues involved in 2016 case. We find that the litany problem is seen in governmental ineffectiveness, corruption, economic recession, and the influx of refugees. In systemic level we contend the constitutional design for Italian governments are imposing obstacles on pragmatic operations of political affairs. Also the restraints from EU jeopardized its effective functions. The world view is on how Italians see Italy and EU collaborate in political and economic issues. The last of myth we find out by blaming populism is very convenient and mess up result with origin.

馬來西亞的國家認同多元與單一的取捨

title: 馬來西亞的國家認同多元與單一的取捨 abstract: 本文主要希望以上述原生論與建構論的脈絡，檢視馬來西亞的國家認同議題，並探究主要的形塑因素。並使用未來學的多層次因果分析法進行剖析。結果發現在表象層的問題是族群多元、宗教多元、語言多元、不平等對立。系統層是隔離、多元性與多元文化。世界觀／論述則是伊斯蘭國度、後殖民體制。隱喻／迷思乃是一個國家、一個民族、一個宗教；華僑、華人、華裔的爭議。我們發現憲法上的不平等規定是國家認同的癥結所在，那修憲是否應該被慎重考慮。然而這是禁忌議題，加上馬來西亞的伊斯蘭化，讓族群融合加上宗教信仰的難解要素，似乎也只能靜靜地期待真正脫胎換骨的馬來西亞誕生。

墨西哥的國家認同 ─ 被殖民與霸鄰的糾葛

title: 墨西哥的國家認同 ─ 被殖民與霸鄰的糾葛 abstract: 墨西哥是古三大文明—馬雅、托爾特克和阿茲特克文明的發源地，在西元 1521 年西班牙打敗阿茲特克帝國進行殖民之前，墨西哥因這三大古文明在人類文明史上佔有重要地位，然而西班牙近 300 年的殖民，以較強勢的歐洲文明壓制墨西哥的原生文明，光榮的傳統中斷且淪為次等的殖民地。本文的重點在透過國家認同的探討，認識瞭解墨西哥，以一般國家認同中的建構論或是原生論，檢視墨西哥國家認同的建構元素，也討論美國成為墨西哥獨立建國後最重要的他者，在墨西哥的民族主義和國家發展上的影響，最後再以未來學的多層次因果分析法進行深層剖析。結論為墨西哥的國家認同建構歷程貫穿過去、現在、與未來三個時空，各種層面都含括原生論與建構論之要素。

從紐西蘭「未來焦點議題計畫」論永續創新的未來教育

title: 從紐西蘭「未來焦點議題計畫」論永續創新的未來教育

Taiwan Trap: New Stories Needed Rethinking Taiwan and China Futures

title: Taiwan Trap: New Stories Needed Rethinking Taiwan and China Futures abstract: This article takes a futures approach to the Taiwan/China relationship. It (1) explains the background and the competing international relations theories 0/the unique relationship between Taiwan and China, and (2) articulates jour scenarios for the futures o/Taiwan/China.

Investigating Taiwan's Integrated Scenarios of Climate Change through Visualization Rhetoric in Science Communication

title: Investigating Taiwan's Integrated Scenarios of Climate Change through Visualization Rhetoric in Science Communication abstract: Visualization rhetoric is used as an analytical framework to examinethe visualized texts 'telling the story' of climate change issues in Taiwan from 2000 to 2017. The categories, characteristics, and visualization techniques from a variety of climate-related visual images andcontexts will be explored from the perspectives of visual persuasiveness, visual performance, and visual value. Devices for understanding the epistemological value and cultural function of data visualization and new ways to link human activity with changing climate issues of climate change are explored. From this analysis, four integrated scenarios were developed: Preferred (green Taiwan), Disowned (expert system), Integrated (a culture of foresight), and Disintegrated (Giddens' paradox). © 2018 Tamkang Journal of International Affairs. All rights reserved.

Unpacking India-China Strategic Futures Using Causal Layered Analysis

title: Unpacking India-China Strategic Futures Using Causal Layered Analysis

受地方限定的工廠：中國大陸內遷台資製造業勞動體制之變遷

title: 受地方限定的工廠：中國大陸內遷台資製造業勞動體制之變遷 abstract: 過去在廣東模式的發展下，中國大陸沿海地區的外資企業—尤其是台資工廠，主要是以進城的長距離遷移農民工作為生產的主體，這些企業或工廠常使用高壓的方式進行工廠管理。雖然近來在管理方式上有某種程度的改變，但整體上仍維持「移工」勞動體制（migrant labor regime）的特徵。然而，這種刻板印象並無法充分解釋晚近，特別是2008年以後前往內陸布局設廠的台資工廠在勞動管理上的實際運作情形。本文試圖從全球生產網絡（GPNs）與Michael Burawoy對勞動體制的觀點出發，探討台資製造業廠在遷移到內陸後所發生的勞動體制的變遷及其與在地社會的關係。研究資料是2011至2015年間，研究者多次拜訪已遷移內陸的台資工廠進行田野研究所蒐集而來。這些資料主要包括田野觀察及163份與當地勞工、管理者及地方官員深入訪談的記錄。本研究發現（1）台資工廠在地理空間上的移動會促使不同行動尺度的農民工重新組合。內陸台資廠的員工大量替換為本地居民，員工的「移工」屬性因而大幅下滑；（2）台資廠遷往內陸後，勞工對工廠生產勞動的依賴度、勞動的價值觀、勞工的社會關係等，都產生相當程度的變異。內陸作為一地理尺度，具體地影響著遷移當地的台資工廠的運作；（3）遷移內陸的台資工廠，在勞動管理關係上，呈現出一個深受勞工所處（農村）社會網絡與地方（農村）經濟生活所影響的勞動體制。從鑲嵌的角度來看，這是一種領域性的鑲嵌型態，在此鑲嵌型態下的台資工廠，將無可避免地成為一個「受地方限定的」工廠。

你是我的？台灣與中國的歷史糾葛

title: 你是我的？台灣與中國的歷史糾葛 abstract: 台灣與中國的關係千絲萬縷，需要從不同的時空一一檢視。因此本文先從歷史的傳說與信史開始，檢視台灣是否自古就是中國的一部分。現狀是過去與未來的橋樑，也是討論的重點。未來則是另一個開闊的時空，本文以未來學的方法進行分析，多層次因果分析法剖析兩岸關係的深層問題之所在。未來三角法與情節規劃提出不同未來間的影響要素。期望能在眾多台灣與中國的研究文獻中，提供些許不同的角度。

菲律賓之國家認同

title: 菲律賓之國家認同 abstract: 菲律賓是除了中國之外，離我們最近的國家，與台灣的歷史有許多交錯的地方。菲律賓的地理位置乃國際交通要衝，位居世界重大文化的中介站，西方勢力進入東亞以此為基地，東北亞也視菲律賓為南向的樞紐，因此人口流動頻繁，形成多民族與文化的多樣性，歷史上一直是不同民族與文化交流、融合及衝突的多事地帶。菲律賓也是個東西文化交會的國家，因為西方的殖民，比亞洲其他國家都更早納入世界體系，與加入西方現代化的洪流中。菲律賓人的國家認同非常強調原生的條件，在認定我者與他者之間，界線非常清楚。但是更深層的障礙是被殖民的經驗，西班牙人與美國人帶來西方現代化的同時，也讓菲律賓的自我定位不清楚，許多迷思指向對美國與西方的崇拜，可能以身為菲律賓人為榮，但是菲律賓的國家定位與走向卻沒有清楚的方向。

Critical quality indicators of higher education

title: Critical quality indicators of higher education abstract: This study explores the weakest total quality management dimensions and defines the critical quality indicators for Taiwanese universities using a hybrid model using importance–performance analysis (IPA) and a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP). IPA and FAHP are measured using the average value, while the FAHP is also measured using a five-point linguistic variable scale. Consistent with the literature, R&D, innovation, human resource, and knowledge management are weak quality dimensions requiring attention. However, different from contemporary research, leadership, the development of customers and markets, process management, and quality information regarding operations were not identified as weakest quality dimensions.

The assessment of intellectual capital for the information and communication technology industry in Taiwan applying a hybrid MCDM model

title: The assessment of intellectual capital for the information and communication technology industry in Taiwan applying a hybrid MCDM model abstract: As the importance of Intellectual Capital (IC) has increased drastically in today's knowledge-based era, conventional analyses that focus solely on financial reports in order to evaluate operational performance and gain competitive advantage are no longer comprehensive in that they fail to capture additional capitals of significance. IC evaluation represents an important alternative. As the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry, which is knowledge intensive, is one of the most profitable industries in Taiwan that significantly helps promote national competitive advantages globally and is among the main product suppliers in the world, especially for its electronic information product, determining how to secure and further improve its IC ability has become a top concern for both academy and practice. Using a hybrid Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) model, this study aims to assess and propose critical IC criteria to aid the electronic information industry in this matter in a more efficient and long-lasting manner. Arising from the results, suggestions and recommendations for both the ICT industry and future research are provided.

Linking metaphors of the future with socio-cultural prospects among Taiwanese high school students

title: Linking metaphors of the future with socio-cultural prospects among Taiwanese high school students abstract: This study is an investigation of diverse future metaphors used by Taiwanese high school students with the values and meanings that lie underneath them. The results show that “the strawberry” generation’s chosen metaphors demonstrate their capability of critical and self-reflective ways of thinking. They also exhibit a deep sense of global awareness, foresight capacity and their role as a change agent for a better future. Their preferred stories of the future involve an open and global environment, broad and diversified friendship, leisure and travel over work, family and relationships, and most importantly, a multicultural and sharing world. The most crucial conclusion is that when young people are asked to discuss their future, they begin to explore new possibilities.

美國中立政策之探討

title: 美國中立政策之探討

檢視美國歷史教科書之爭議

title: 檢視美國歷史教科書之爭議 abstract: 美國歷史教科書的爭議不是經常發生在新的歷史事證的發現，較多是在意識型態和不同價值之間的拉拒下而產生。本文的研究對象為美國的中小學(K-12)的歷史教科書爭議，藉由歷史回顧與既有研究文獻，整理分析美國歷史教科書之爭議點何在，並檢視其背後代表的美國發展的南北差異問題。本文發現美國南北兩方不同的史觀，雙方雖然各有堅持，但是在教科書上的共識上大致協調，這是教科書商現實的考量。偶有少數州會在教科書上出現較極端的說法，但是整體的制衡力量仍是實質且有效。除了內戰的辯論外，英雄化問題、種族、宗教、與階級的紛爭也是歷史教科書的爭議所在。整體而言，這些爭議是意識型態、區域差異、州權爭取、聯邦體制，商業利益的各種交錯影響的產物。 The most significant debated issues of the American history textbook usually didn't arise with new findings from historians. Instead, it is a conflict under contending ideologies. This article is to review the textbook conflicts along with the history timeline. Major conflicting issues identified in this article include Civil War, over-herorization of specific figures, race, religion, and class. The last presentation of history on the textbook came through compromise among different interest holders of ideology, religion, region, state right advocates, union followers, and economic sector. Among them religious stance is the missing link for non-Americans to see through the debate. This article suggests the religious lens is good tool to comprehend this textbook issue.

Métis自治之議題與挑戰

title: Métis自治之議題與挑戰

Analyzing Societal Futures in Four Perspectives

title: Analyzing Societal Futures in Four Perspectives

Visions and scenarios of democratic governance in Asia 2030

title: Visions and scenarios of democratic governance in Asia 2030 abstract: Using the Six Pillars foresight workshop process, forty-five Asian political, policy and activist leaders explored the futures of democratic governance. Organized and funded by Oxfam and the Rockefeller Foundation, the organizing hypothesis was that without a change in the nature of governance in Asia, poverty could not truly be uprooted. Changes in governance needed to be imagined and created from the ground up, not just imposed by the past or the elite. Five visions with accompanying causal layered analysis were developed by participants. Generally, these visions focused on more inclusion not just at the level of voting, but in terms of the participatory creation of alternative futures of culture, technology, economy and polity. 　　運用未來學六大支柱前瞻方法。45為亞洲政治領袖、政策與社運的領導人透過未來思考工作坊的形式，共同探索了亞洲民主治理的可能未來。由於認為亞洲民主治理的本質倘若無法徹底改變，貧窮將無法真正的被根除，政治運作必須從底層開始重新被想像與創造，而不是僅由過去的歷史或現在的菁英所把持，因此樂施會與洛克斐勒基金會主辦與贊助此工作坊，本文也將呈現工作坊的結果。工作坊參與者共同發展了五個不同的未來願景，並輔以五個導因層次分析(causal layered analysis)的成果。總闊而言，這些未來願景皆聚焦於將更多的包容納入體系之中，不僅只是在選舉時刻應吸納不同的聲音，更應該從文化、科技、經濟、及政治體等面向改變運作方式，包容異質聲音，共同創造不同選擇的亞洲未來。

公私立大學畢業生知覺學校對其學習發展助益之比較研究

title: 公私立大學畢業生知覺學校對其學習發展助益之比較研究 abstract: 本研究旨在了解大學畢業生知覺學校對其學習發展協助情形，並比較公私立大學畢業生知覺學校協助情形之差異。學生學習發展包含知識獲得、語文表達、人際關係、生涯發展、性別意識、人文素養和科學素養。研究對象資為台灣高等教育資料庫2005 年11 月所調查的九十一學年度大學畢業生，共7,127 人，其中公立學校畢業生2,960 人，私立學校學生4,167 人。研究結果顯示，大學畢業生覺得學校幫助他們較多的是知識獲得以及人際關係方面，幫助比較少的則為語文表達、人文素養以及科學素養的培養。公立大學畢業生在「知識獲得」、「加強閱讀能力」、「培養同時處理多重問題的能力」、「培養與不同背景的人相處的能力」、「發展個人價值觀」、「瞭解歷史重要性」、「增進數理、邏輯推理、分析能力」和「增進科學素養」等方面都高於私立大學畢業生。私立大學畢業生，則在「培養外語能力」、「增進情緒管理能力」、「培養個人理財能力」和「培養國際觀」四個項目高於公立大學畢業生。本研究依據研究結果，對大學校院的行政與教學實務提出建議，並提出未來可以進行的研究方向。 This paper examined how college education helps students in their learning as well as institutional differences between public and private universities. It utilized data from the Taiwan Higher Education Data Bank, collected in November of 2005 from the 2002 college graduates. A total of 7127 samples were selected by random sampling, including 2960 graduates from public universities and 4167 from private ones.This paper found that for university graduates, college education was perceived to be most helpful in areas of knowledge learning and interpersonal relationships. College education was considered least helpful in areas of language ability, humanities literacy, and science literacy. In general, the results indicated that college education was more helpful for public university graduates than for private university graduates. On the other hand, compared with graduates from public institutions, private university graduates only found college education to be significantly more helpful in promoting their abilities in four items: financial management, emotional management, international perspective, and foreign language.Based on the research results, the authors make recommendations for university administration as well as teaching practices, and propose possible directions for future research.

Transnational higher education in Taiwan

title: Transnational higher education in Taiwan abstract: Transnational activities in Taiwanese higher education are present in three areas: study abroad, twinning programs, and online learning. Taiwan has traditionally been a major sending country for students studying abroad, especially to the U.S.A. until recent years, and receives a disproportionately small number of students from other countries. Realizing the importance of internationalizing the country’s higher education, the government has launched initiatives aiming to attract more foreign students to the country and to encourage colleges and universities to set up twinning programs with foreign universities. Collaborations via online learning programs, however, have not received as much policy limelight. This paper also talks about the issue of branch campus, though it has yet to appear in the country, contrary to popular belief in regard to Taiwan’s 2001 WTO accession. The paper first lays out the context of Taiwan’s higher education pertaining to transnational activities. A brief review of policies and regulations with regard to the country’s transnational higher education follows. The current situation, as well as issues in study abroad, foreign students, twinning and online programs, and branch campuses are portrayed followed by the influences and problems of these activities, and a conclusion.

University faculty members’ perceptions of their teaching efficacy

title: University faculty members’ perceptions of their teaching efficacy abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate faculty members’ perceptions of teaching efficacy and their relation to faculty members’ backgrounds. A questionnaire measuring six dimensions of teaching efficacy was distributed to faculty members at 17 universities in Taiwan, yielding 513 complete sets of responses. Faculty members felt efficacious, from the greatest to the least, in the following dimensions: course design, class management, interpersonal relation, learning assessment, technology usage, and instructional strategy. Faculty members of public universities show higher perceptions of their efficacy than do those of private universities. Faculty members in education report a higher level of efficacy than faculty members in other disciplines. Females score higher than males in class management and learning assessment. Faculty members with less than six years of teaching experience indicate lower perceptions of teaching efficacy in course design than other faculty members. Faculty members teaching courses completely matching their specialties feel more confident in their teaching than those teaching partially‐matched courses. However, there is no significant difference between faculty members with teaching training and those without training experience.

Heart of the dragon: Metaphor use in futures thinking in Taiwan

title: Heart of the dragon: Metaphor use in futures thinking in Taiwan abstract: This article explores metaphors in the teaching of futures studies in Taiwan. Metaphors are divided into those that describe current reality and those that describe the future. For instance, the metaphor of the gold fish is used by students to illustrate the short attention span of the people, which attributed to recurring societal crises. A transformative metaphor example is for the library—from a fort that passively awaits worships to fire that actively passes knowledge to people. The article concludes with the benefits of using metaphors in futures thinking. 　　本文呈現在台灣教授未來學時所運用到的在地隱喻。文中將隱喻分為兩大類：描繪現在現實的隱喻，及描繪未來的隱喻。前者的例子包括運用金魚短暫的記憶比喻人民對於事情短視健忘的特質，並將其歸因於造成近代社會危機不斷發生的主因。置於描繪未來的隱喻，則有圖書館未來之例，圖書館已從過去被動地等待朝聖者造訪的城堡或神壇，轉變為須主動將知識傳遞給人們的火把。文章最後並闡述運用隱喻於未來思考的優點。

芬蘭高等教育與國家發展：兼論平等與市場

title: 芬蘭高等教育與國家發展：兼論平等與市場 abstract: 高等教育的發展與國家的命運與需求息息相關，芬蘭高等教育在其國家發展扮演重要角色。本文從芬蘭高等教育與國家發展的角度出發，探討該國高等教育在不同時代之角色轉變，及近年來高等教育如何因應國家所面對的挑戰。本文從學術傳統、國家發展、及成果導向管理與競爭為主等三個階段，分別介紹芬蘭不同時期的社會、經濟、與政治對高等教育之影響，以及其高等教育對此社會變革之回應。最後並探討曾經強烈信奉福利國家理念的芬蘭，其高等教育在面對當今全球化市場競爭及國際連結之需求時，開始追求效率與卓越，在自由化市場下將面臨兼顧平等與市場的衝突與挑戰。 This paper analyzes the roles and changes of higher education in Finland, particularly from the perspective of social and national changes. The developments of higher education as well as the social, economic, and political/diplomatic factors shaping Finland’s higher education in three phases of orientation, “academic tradition”, “national development”, and “results and competition management”, arepresented.It also introduceshow Finnish higher education responds to the challenges facing the country and implemented reforms in those stages, particularly in recent years. Finally, the paper discusses how Finland, as a welfare nation underscoring social equality, faces the impact and tasks, as well as challenges, brought upon by the forces of globalization, internationalization, and marketization.

Alternative futures of China: A macrohistorical approach

title: Alternative futures of China: A macrohistorical approach abstract: This paper is an heuristic application in understanding China's alternative futures by looking at the deeper patterns of history and social change developed by four macrohistorians: Sima Qian, Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, Pitirim Sorokin and Oswald Spengler. It questions the dominant perspective on the future that the Western liberal and consumerist system will endlessly rise. By using macrohistorical perspectives, distance is created from short-term economic and political projections allowing a view of the stages of history, the broader shape of the future through space and time, which provides another way to think about China's alternative futures. Four alternative futures are developed. In the first future, there is a regime change, with moves towards democracy and greater human rights. In the second future, there is a Golden Age for China and the world with major scientific, political and cultural achievements. In the third future, change is material and shallow, and in the fourth future there is collapse, not just of China's rise, but also of the world capitalist system.

China's search for the future: A genealogical approach

title: China's search for the future: A genealogical approach abstract: This paper is a dialectical inquiry, presenting a genealogy of, China futures discourses and visions from ancient times through to the, present. It uses both structural and macrohistorical based approaches. The identified worldviews are placed in their broader historical, epistemes; asked why change has occurred, how it fits within patterns of, history and what kind of futures are offered. It is unique in that I use, the futures triangle methodology to discuss the “pulls” of the future in, each historical era with the corresponding “pushes” of the present and, “weights” of the past. The article concludes with a theory of futures in, Chinese history and looks at which philosophies are likely to play a role, in the possible futures of China. The aim is to highlight which visions, and images have been victorious is affecting the present and influencing, the future.

Alternative images of China in 2035: A case study of Tamkang University workshops

title: Alternative images of China in 2035: A case study of Tamkang University workshops abstract: This article presents the findings of scenario planning workshops held on 10 and 13 December 2013 on the futures of ‘China (PRC) in 2035’ at the Graduate Institute of Futures Studies (GIFS) at Tamkang University in Taiwan. The workshops were structured around Inayatullah’s (2008) six pillars foresight process and employed the futures triangle, causal layered analysis and creation of scenarios to create plausible futures. Four images were imagined: (1) the probable future, The King of the World or Next Superpower; (2) the feared future, The Hunger Games (China Threat), (3) the preferred future, A New Gaia; and (4) the alternative future, New Revolution.

Unpacking Images of China Using Causal Layered Analysis

title: Unpacking Images of China Using Causal Layered Analysis abstract: The aim of this paper is to use Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) to map the International Relations (IR) theories of ‘China threat’ and ‘Peaceful rise’. The paper looks at the way in which Western and Chinese constructs and prevailing metaphors impact the debate on the ‘rise’ of China and what limitations each view brings to the discourse. Both theories are shown to be problematic in their own way. It is argued that China futures need to be further investigated using more complex tools such as CLA to enable more than well rehearsed patterns of the future to emerge.

台灣製造業廠商人才培訓的制度分析：以高科技業為主

title: 台灣製造業廠商人才培訓的制度分析：以高科技業為主 abstract: 許多研究已指出台灣屬於後進學習型的國家，透過代工，不同產業在 1980 年代都進入全球商品鏈生產分工的半邊陲位置。然而，過去有關台灣或者後進發展國家如何技術學習的文獻中，很少深入討論技術接收國的廠商透過怎樣的人才培訓制度將技術深化到組織，而一旦缺乏關照廠商人才培訓經驗的特性，將無法完整掌握台灣企業組織技術學習的獨特性。據此，本研究認為，要掌握台灣廠商人才培訓經驗的特性，必須發展出台灣本土經驗的分析架構，而非加反省地按照技術先進國家的觀點或者既有經濟學式的理性效率觀點進行解釋。本文奠基在深度訪問 41 家廠商，與其他相關人資協會、政府官員、教育訓練機構人員，總共 72 人的田野訪問資料，試圖開展出屬於台灣科技業廠商人才培訓經驗的解釋框架。本研究主要將理論焦點放在全球生產網絡的趨力下，台灣不同生產鏈技術位置的廠商，因應全球客戶的需求與組織場域的特性，發展出各種組織培訓員工的行動實踐邏輯。高科技製造業廠商在全球生產分工所奠基的生產技術立基「OEM 製造代工」vs. 「ODM 設計代工」，會對應出「後進追隨學習」vs.「後進追趕創新」這兩類的人才培訓模式。此雙軌制度可以適切地解釋台灣高科技製造業廠商人才培訓的經驗。 Numerous studies have categorized Taiwan as a “learning latecomer.”Through Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM), Taiwan started to join the global commodity and supply chains in the 1980s and attained semiperipheral positions in the global division of production. Previous studies, however, have determined little regarding how technologyreceiving countries, such as Taiwan, transfer technology and skills to the workers of local firms through the firms’ training systems fostered by global customers. Because few studies have examined this topic, this study explored an indigenous analytical framework regarding the institutional characteristics of job training for OEM and Original-Design-Manufacturer (ODM) firms rather than testing the theoretical hypotheses of general theories on job training in foreign countries or the predominant theory from the efficiency viewpoint of economics-based rational interpretations. To further explore how manufacturing companies train their staff members and employees, this study collected data from in-depth interviews. On the basis of interviews with human resource managers at 41 companies (officers as well as leaders of human resource associations and training institutes), the study selected a survey sample of 72 interviewees. This research put the main theoretical emphasis on the forces of global production networks, and Taiwanese firms located in different positions of production technological chains develop different logics of action practices to deal with the demands of global customers and the characteristics of organizational fields. OEM and ODM firms have developed two training institutions: a latecomer’s learning of following and a latecomer’s learning of innovative catch-up. This dual institutional logic regarding training might help explain Taiwan manufacturers’ experiences.

台灣高科技製造業廠商採用數位化訓練的制度分析

title: 台灣高科技製造業廠商採用數位化訓練的制度分析 abstract: 近年來，廠商數位化(e-learning)的人才培訓，伴隨著網路科技的發達以及全球化的高度競爭，不僅成為國內、外廠商培訓員工的主要方式之一，亦是組織研究、人力資源管理、商管等領域的重要研究議題。許多研究皆已指出台灣屬於後進學習型國家，透過代工，不同產業在1980年代都進入全球商品鏈生產分工的半邊陲位置。然而，過去有關台灣或經濟發展中國家如何技術學習的文獻中，很少深入討論技術接收國的廠商之技術學習與科技的關係。尤其對於影響廠商採納數位化培訓制度的機制掌握不清，亦對廠商引入科技去培訓員工的理由邏輯缺乏理解。本研究認為，要掌握台灣廠商人才培育經驗的特性，必須發展出台灣本土經驗的分析架構，而非不加反省地按照西方的觀點或者既有經濟學式的理性效率觀點進行解釋。奠基在深度訪問41家廠商，與其他相關人資協會、政府官員、教育訓練機構人員，總共72 人的田野訪問資料，以及問卷調查122 家廠商人才培育的經驗，本研究掌握到影響廠商採納數位化培訓方式的主要機制，同時亦深入探究廠商行動者的理由邏輯。本研究發現，後進學習廠商的數位化人才培訓經驗，必須更細緻地依照廠商在全球商品鏈的結構分工之生產技術立基（製造代工與設計代工）進行劃分，此相對應出的雙軌(dual track)「後進追隨學習」與「後進追趕創新」的廠商數位化人才培訓邏輯，可以適切地解釋台灣製造業廠商引入科技與員工培訓結合的經驗。 Many studies have categorized Taiwan as a “learning latecomer”. Through Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM), Taiwan started to join the global commodity and supply chains in the 1980s and attained semi-peripheral positions in the global division of production. Previous studies, however, have determined little regarding how technology-receiving countries, such as Taiwan, through e-learning to train their workers of local firms. Because few studies have examined this topic, this study explored an indigenous analytical framework regarding the institutional characteristics of e-learning for OEM and Original-Design- Manufacturer (ODM) firms. To further explore how manufacturing companies use e-learning to train their staff members and employees, this study collected data from in-depth interviews and questionnaires. On the basis of interviews with human resource managers at 41 companies (officers as well as leaders of human resource associations and training institutes), the study selected a survey sample of 72 interviewees. In addition, the study comprises accumulated training experiences from 122 companies as well. This research puts the main theoretical emphasis on the forces of global production networks, and Taiwanese firms located in different positions of production technological chains develop different logics of action practices to deal with the demands of global customers and the characteristics of organizational fields. OEM and ODM firms have developed two e-learning institutions: a latecomer’s learning of following and a latecomer’s learning of innovative catch-up. This dual institutional logic regarding e-learning might help explain Taiwan manufacturers’ training experiences.

烏克蘭的國家認同-民族、民主、與地緣政治之作用

title: 烏克蘭的國家認同-民族、民主、與地緣政治之作用 abstract: 近年來烏克蘭的情勢成為國際關注的焦點，許多問題都被簡化歸因於東西差異，包括國家認同的議題也習慣以此二區域為論述基礎，甚至有人稱烏克蘭為是沒有國家認同的國家，但是，一個國家的認同不在有無，而是在差異，和其差異的因素。本文從民族發展，獨立後民主轉型，與地緣政治的角度來分析檢視這個動盪國家的認同議題。發現俄羅斯一直是烏克蘭民族發展最凸顯的他者，在獨立建國後，也因長期密切互動關係與地緣政治的作用，形成烏克蘭國家認同中關於國家走向與定位的干擾因素。另外，獨立後民主化的發展不順，也是烏克蘭國家認同難以凝聚的重要因素。 Ukraine has been occupying the international spotlight in these few years because of its domestic and foreign affairs. People tend to attribute most of the issues to the division between the east and west regions. Even the national identity dispute also is viewed as the product of the regional conflicts. This article aims to explore more specific elements behind the different identities in Ukraine. The long history of struggle with Russia plays a big role in Ukrainian national formation and state building after independence. The democratization, along with the end of the Cold War, didn't bring in good governance for this infant country. The call for unitary national identity has been weakened by severe corruption and regimes turmoil. Moreover, the geopolitical consideration between Russia and the West, including the United States of America, made Ukrainian identity more complicated to achieved into the common ground.

Assignment of Project Members Considering Capability and Personality Balance

title: Assignment of Project Members Considering Capability and Personality Balance abstract: Purpose – This paper aims to construct for the first time a link between the project members' assignment and personality balance. Design/methodology/approach – This study develops a project assignment quantitative model that maximizes the team's personality balance while meeting the capability requirements. Findings – The findings indicate that a more balanced project team that contributes to project performance can be obtained before project starts. Research limitations/implications – This paper is limited to the exploration of Belbin's personality types. However, it offers a generic approach that can be applied to other personality categorization. Practical implications – The paper helps practitioners form a personality balanced project team to improve the project performance by reducing the complexity of project communication and problem solving. Originality/value – The paper develops for the first time a project assignment model that considers both capability and personality and allocates project personnel in such a way that the most suitable personnel is selected from a group of qualified capable candidates, to increase the possibility of success for the project.

再製「台味」：遷移中國大陸台灣人家庭廚房的日常實踐

title: 再製「台味」：遷移中國大陸台灣人家庭廚房的日常實踐 abstract: 在遷移研究中，探討家務移工與跨界專業工作者的研究，向來被視為兩條平行線，前者探討低階藍領人群的城鄉∕跨界移動，後者則聚焦在白領專業技術工作者的跨境遷移。這篇研究嘗試打破上述藩籬，透過家庭煮食，連結家務移工及伴隨（專業技術工作者）遷移的女性，觀察她們在移居家庭中廚房的日常實踐。研究試圖回答台籍移居家庭的每日廚房煮食「為何」，以及「如何」再製台式口味菜餚？經驗資料主要來自2008至2013年田野觀察與訪談，共取得48份訪談資料。研究指出，第一，「台味」的再製，不僅是因台籍遷移者移居後，對台灣社會的懷念與回憶，同時也連結到台籍伴遷配偶對於家庭烹調料理的健康論述。第二，移居家庭廚房的「台味」再製，與其說經由遠距方式挪用台式食材進行製造，毋寧關鍵的是經由台籍伴遷配偶與中國大陸家事服務員的特殊廚事分工，以及在廚房每日協商、妥協與合作的結果。第三，台籍外派人員配偶遷移中國大陸後，成為「情境下的全職家庭主婦」，相對於外出賺取家庭薪資的先生，家事領域成為其主要生活重心，台式家常口味烹調的日常再製正是表現她對家人的愛與關心，經由廚房煮食維繫移居家庭成為一體。

Futures studies in Asia Pacific: the case of Taiwan

title: Futures studies in Asia Pacific: the case of Taiwan abstract: Until date, studying the future has been linked mainly with economic development and the creation of wealth, but settings of the world economy and education are changing in a drastic way. Asia is emerging as an, or better said, the world centre. Taiwan is entering the critical stage of generating for the future alternatives on an environmental and cultural-spiritual level. The future studies department at the University of Tamkang in Taiwan is on a different level to the rest of the world, as it’s the only university on the planet that has «to futurize» as a mission statement. This work analyses how the fact that being a university orientated towards the future has meant being orientated towards change, and, having a clear, defined vision and strategic direction. Through a social learning process, a forward looking culture and by visioning, change and development has had a bearing in practically all strategic Taiwanese spheres. The broader context continues not just to be the teaching of future studies but also to completely «futurize» the university, Taiwan and even mankind.