DSpace collection: 期刊論文

Documenting business-to-consumer (B2C) communications on Facebook: What have changed among restaurants and consumers?

title: Documenting business-to-consumer (B2C) communications on Facebook: What have changed among restaurants and consumers? abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this study is to document how restaurant’s business-to-consumer communication strategies evolved on Facebook over time and how consumers’ reactions to a variety of Facebook messages changed over time. Design/methodology/approach – This study analyzed 2,463 Facebook messages posted by seven quick-service restaurant chains and three casual-dining restaurant chains in the fourth quarter of 2010, 2012 and 2014. ANOVA and post hoc t-test were used to compare the differences among four media types (photo, status update, video and hyperlink) in terms of their usage by companies and Facebook users’ reactions to these messages (measured by number of “Likes”, number of comments and number of shares). Findings – Over the three periods of time under observation, there is a substantial decrease of status updates by restaurants and a dramatic increase of photo updates. Photo remained as the most “popular” media type, receiving most “Likes”, comments and shares from consumers. Video was not considered “popular” in 2010 but experienced a slight increase in usage and slowly emerged in 2012 and 2014 as another “popular” media, which no longer had statistical difference with photo in number of comments and shares. Research limitations/implications – Some limitations include an under representable sample and its longitudinal design, but the findings provide additional insight to current literature in social media. Practical implications – A series of suggestions were advanced from the findings to help hospitality managers better engage Facebook users. Originality/value – This is probably the first time-series or longitudinal-like analysis in social media research and yields meaningful findings.

How Old I Feel Matters: Examining Age-Related Differences in Motives and Organizational Citizenship Behavior

title: How Old I Feel Matters: Examining Age-Related Differences in Motives and Organizational Citizenship Behavior abstract: Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is characterized by discretionary acts, such as helping colleagues, voluntarily taking initiatives, or showing exceptional commitment to work. Employee engagement in OCB is a building block for public park and recreation agencies to respond well to the demands for flexibility, adaptability, and innovation that characterize the volatile business environment. Alternatively, it is estimated that by 2018, nearly one quarter of the U.S. workforce will be comprised of workers age 55 and older (Toossi, 2009). Therefore, motivating an age-diverse workforce to engage in OCB might emerge as a compelling issue to public park and recreation agencies and require an astute understanding of age-related effects. Will the aging workforce make managing OCB more complicated? This question deserves empirical examination; and thus, the purpose of the current study was to explore the role of chronological age and subjective age identity in shaping OCB-specific motives (prosocial and impression management motives) and OCB among public park and recreation employees. Moreover, the mediating effects of the motives in the relationship between the age measures and OCB were investigated. Chronological age has been the most prominent operationalization of the age construct in existing research; however, it is argued that subjective age identity, which reflects one’s actual feelings of his/her aging experiences, may provide useful insights into effects of aging on OCB-related motivational processes. A cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data from full time employees at municipal park and recreation agencies in the state of Illinois. The data from 571 usable responses suggests that younger employees are more driven by impression management reasons for OCB as opposed to their older counterparts. However, a positive relationship of age with prosocial motives was not confirmed. In addition, employees with greater prosocial motives tended to report greater levels of OCB, whereas employees with greater impression management motives tended to report lower levels of OCB. Greater impression management motives observed among younger employees were found to provide an explanation for their lower engagement in OCB. The mediation analyses also suggest that employees with a more youthful identity may perform greater levels of OCB because of their greater emphasis on prosocial reasons and less concern for impression management reasons. The findings of the current study have several implications for managing employees in municipal park and recreation agencies. For example, managers should consider age differences in motives and behavior when managing and communicating expectations to employees. Based on the findings of subjective age identity, strategies that could help employees to secure and maintain a more youthful identity may foster prosocial motives and OCB. To reach this end, managers could develop a positive, energetic work climate or ensure that established policies or benefits programs provide timely assistance for employees to better manage their physical and psychological well-being.

Information Sources for Trust Judgments in Managerial Relationships over Time: A Conceptual Analysis

title: Information Sources for Trust Judgments in Managerial Relationships over Time: A Conceptual Analysis abstract: This article presents a conceptual analysis concerning which factors influencing interpersonal trust are subject to change in their informational utility over the course of a managerial relationship and which factors are more likely to remain salient. Based on existing literature, the authors examine the utility of social categories, trustors’ moods and emotions, third party influences, direct experiences, and shared perspectives as sources of trust-related data over time. A set of propositions are formulated to encourage future intellectual dialogues on trust development in vertical dyads and render a framework for empirical research in this area.

Connection to Nature: Children's Affective Attitude Toward Nature

title: Connection to Nature: Children's Affective Attitude Toward Nature abstract: A connection to nature index was developed and tested to measure children’s affective attitude toward the natural environment. The index was employed through a survey that investigates students’ attitude toward Lagoon Quest, a mandatory environmental education program for all fourth-grade, public school students in Brevard County, Florida. Factor analyses were conducted to explore and confirm different factors in the connection to nature index. A path analysis was conducted to examine the association among variables. The results suggest four dimensions in the children’s connection to nature index: (a) enjoyment of nature, (b) empathy for creatures, (c) sense of oneness, and (d) sense of responsibility. Children’s connection to nature influences their intention to participate in nature-based activities in the future. Children’s connection to nature, their previous experience in nature, their perceived family value toward nature, and their perceived control positively influenced their interest in performing environmentally friendly behaviors.

Synergy between fractal dimension and lacunarity index in design of artificial habitat for alternative SCUBA diving site

title: Synergy between fractal dimension and lacunarity index in design of artificial habitat for alternative SCUBA diving site abstract: Because dive tourism is now a major commercial use of marine protected areas worldwide, the impact and damage to natural reefs caused by intensive diving are now an important eco-environmental issue. Redistributing divers to substituted natural reefs area is one management strategy recently used to solve the crisis. Lan et al. proposed the first deterministic fractal-based model to address the optimal design problem of habitat patterns in marine environments. Their model not only considered a finite project budget, but also applied the fractal dimension (FD), a commonly used index in landscape ecology, to assess the spatial complexity of the habitat. However, a problem with lots of landscape indices is that different spatial patterns can be realized for any single value of the respective index. The FD is no exception. Specifically, different fractal sets may share the same FD values but have different appearances. To select simulated artificial habitats patterns that meet the needs of decision makers, the overriding objective in this study is to enhance the performance of conventional fractal-based habitat model. Therefore, we introduce the index, lacunarity, as second stage index to characterize different spatial patterns that have the same FD value, since lacunarity has been verified to solve the problem effectively. Its application by ecological engineers and managers as a quantification tool for evaluating fractal-based artificial habitats is also demonstrated.

Brand extension: using parent brand personality as leverage

title: Brand extension: using parent brand personality as leverage abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the predicting roles of extension naming strategies and categorical fit on the transfer of brand personality from a parent brand to its extension brand. Extension naming strategies include direct and indirect naming, while categorical fit is the similarity between an extended product and its parent brand's cognitive category. Further, the interaction effect and the relative effectiveness of various combinations of the two predictors when determining brand personality transfer are also explored. Design/methodology/approach – A 2×2 factorial between-subject experimental design with one covariate is used to test the proposed hypotheses. The experiment involves 242 participants from a university in Taiwan. Findings – The findings show that consumers perceive higher brand personality transfer when a direct naming strategy is applied or when the parent brand extends to a high perceived fit product. The former is the dominant predictor of brand personality transfer. There also exists an interaction effect between extension naming strategies and categorical fit. Specifically, consumers perceive the highest brand personality transfer when a direct naming strategy is applied for a high fit extended product. Moreover, the use of a direct naming strategy for an extended product with a low categorical fit still leads to a higher degree of parent brand personality than both the other cases in which an indirect naming strategy is applied for either high or low fit extended products. Furthermore, irrespective of the degree of categorical fit, the transfer of brand personality is low when an indirect naming strategy is applied. Originality/value – The current research is pioneer work in identifying the determinants of brand personality transfer. It also notes the interaction effect and the relative effectiveness of the determinants.

Determinants of joint action in international channels of distribution: The moderating role of psychic distance

title: Determinants of joint action in international channels of distribution: The moderating role of psychic distance abstract: Joint action, a key element of relational exchanges, has largely been ignored in the international channel literature, and not much is known about the determinants of joint action in cross-border exchanges. In view of this, the authors investigate the role of interchannel communication in motivating buyers for joint action in cross-border channel exchange relationships. The authors also propose and examine the moderating effect of psychic distance, a crucial aspect of cross-border exchanges. They use partial least squares to analyze survey data collected from Taiwanese importers, and the findings reveal that trust and satisfaction fully mediate the relationships between frequent and bidirectional communication and joint action. The authors also confirm the detrimental moderating impact of psychic distance on the relationships between communication facets and relational mediators (trust and satisfaction). However, psychic distance does not hinder the relationships between the relational mediators and joint action. The research provides insights into two underresearched areas—namely, joint action and intercultural communication—and advances theoretical understanding on how to encourage joint action in psychically distinct buyers and sellers.

地景保護區經營管理

title: 地景保護區經營管理

Evaluation of an Ideal River Tracing Route for Tourists in Taiwan by a Professional Guide using the AHP and TOPSIS

title: Evaluation of an Ideal River Tracing Route for Tourists in Taiwan by a Professional Guide using the AHP and TOPSIS

Selecting Resort Locations

title: Selecting Resort Locations abstract: This study examines a comprehensive and objective three-stage method for selecting resort location in Taiwan that maximize competitive advantage. The factors and criteria used in the evaluation model are obtained from an exhaustive literature review and interviews with 16 experts. In the first stage, for which the modified Delphi method is used to identify the evaluation criteria, a survey is performed to rank the relative importance of the 22 criteria identified in the interviews. In the second stage, 19 experts evaluate potential resort locations using a subjective multi-criteria model, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The analytical results yield rankings of resorts of the following types: casino resorts, seaside resorts, health/spa resorts and lakeside resorts. In the final stage, a sensitivity analysis is performed to clarify the strength of the various influences on resort selection. The analytical results are used to develop and examine a potential solution.

Board governance and tourism firms' performance: The case of Taiwan

title: Board governance and tourism firms' performance: The case of Taiwan abstract: The purpose of this research is to examine the influence of board independence, CEO duality and managerial ownership on performance of tourism firms, measured by return on assets (ROA). The sample included seven publicly traded hotels in Taiwan. Ordinary least square (OLS) regression and two-stage least square (2SLS) regression were performed to test the hypotheses. The results demonstrate that performance of hotel firms had a significantly positive relationship with board independence and CEO duality. Board independence, CEO duality and managerial ownership were confirmed as endogenous variables. The results can help hotel firms realize the influence of board governance on performance and accordingly establish governance systems.

Examining Teachers’ Attitudes Toward a Required Environmental Education Program

title: Examining Teachers’ Attitudes Toward a Required Environmental Education Program abstract: Requiring teachers to partake in environmental education (EE) may generate negative reactions since elementary teachers can be overloaded with meeting standards and student performance goals. This study explores teachers' attitudes toward a required EE program, Lagoon Quest. We compare attitudes among teachers with and without prior Lagoon Quest, EE, and science experience. The results suggest that previous voluntary Lagoon Quest and other EE experience does not associate with teachers' attitudes toward the required Lagoon Quest program, but teachers with science experience are more enthusiastic about the program than those without. Less experienced science teachers indicate that they need more support and instructional aids to implement the program. Providing more training opportunities for teachers and making recommended adaptations in the written supplement may help more teachers develop competence to engage with EE programs.
description: 本書目待補正

Board roles in organisations with a dual board system: Empirical evidence from Taiwanese nonprofit sport organisations

title: Board roles in organisations with a dual board system: Empirical evidence from Taiwanese nonprofit sport organisations abstract: Research on the roles of the board of unitary board systems is well established, while explorations of dual board systems are very limited. We know little about nonprofit sport organisations board roles in countries such as Taiwan that operate with a dual board structure. In consequence, this study explored the roles taken by the board of directors and the board of supervisors in Taiwanese nonprofit sport organisations. Four overarching board of director roles were identified: manage vision and purpose; board duty; human resource and fundraising; and stakeholder focus. For the board of supervisors two primary functions emerged: monitoring results; and board duty and process. The findings of the study extend our understanding of the governance of nonprofit sport organisations and the differences that exist between dual board and single board systems of governance.

A Conceptual Model of Knowledge Sharing and Market Orientation in the Tourism Sector

title: A Conceptual Model of Knowledge Sharing and Market Orientation in the Tourism Sector abstract: Problem statement: Marketing scholars have emphasized the importance of market orientation. While a number of studies discover the positive influence of market orientation on a variety of organizations phenomena, the understanding of factors that facilitate market orientation is limited. This study develops a conceptual model in which knowledge sharing is proposed to be the antecedent to three perspectives of market orientation-customer orientation, competitor orientation and inter-functional coordination. With a knowledge sharing culture in place, tourism firms can encourage employees to exchange understanding of customers and competitors. It then enhances tourism firms market positions. Conclusion: Future research can test these propositions to enrich our understanding of the interaction between knowledge management and market orientation in the tourism industry.