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Determinants of municipal-level household food waste
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/124785
title: Determinants of municipal-level household food waste abstract: This research investigates the long-run determinants of per capita food waste, using a monthly time series dataset collected from the Taipei City Food Scraps Recycling Program, covering a span of 19 years. In addition, this research introduces a new proxy for the food wastage rate, gauged by the ratio of edible-to-inedible food scraps. The results of time-series cointegration analysis show that per capita edible food scraps and socioeconomic factors are bound together over the long run. Specifically, per capita edible food waste displays a positive co-movement with food price, the working-age share, and household size, while exhibiting a negative co-movement with the old-age share. This insight empowers policymakers with the ability to foresee and tackle the food waste problem by acting on the municipality's demographic and economic structural change. Our analysis complements the existing studies that depend on cross-sectional individual-level data by adopting a long-run municipal-level time series perspective. [EconLit Citations: Q11, Q13, Q18, D1].
<br>Determinants of Municipal-level Household Food Waste
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/124772
title: Determinants of Municipal-level Household Food Waste abstract: Using time series data on municipal-level household food scrap drawn from a city-wide food scrap recycling program from 2007m1 to 2018m8, we proxy the household food wastage rate (FWR) by the edible-to-inedible food scrap ratio and then apply both linear and semiparametric varying-coefficient cointegration tests to examine the municipal-level long-run relationship between socioeconomic factors and household FWR. The linear model shows that food price, old-age population share, and average household size are positively related to FWR, whereas working-age population share is negatively related to FWR. Consistent with the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, the varying-coefficient model further reveals that the direct relationship between income and FWR is inverted-U shaped. Moreover, income alters the relationship between socioeconomic factors and FWR. The FWR-increasing effect of population aging (food price) likely aggravates (diminishes) with economic growth. With these in mind, for policymakers trying to reduce food waste, the steady increases in food price and old-age share pose challenges, whereas the declining trend in average household size brings relief. Given the results, one way to reduce food waste is subsidizing both the design of smart packaging and the development of semi-prepared convenience food with flexible portion sizes and portion sizes suitable for older adults.
<br>史學敍事結合服務學習之課程設計與學習成效
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/123098
title: 史學敍事結合服務學習之課程設計與學習成效 abstract: 本文以歷史學系選修課程「歷史人口學理論與應用」搭配「服務學習」授課方式,同時結合大學社會責任研究計畫-淡水好生活:建構學習型城鄉,進行史學敘事力的教學實踐研究。研究目的有三,一為探討史學敘事力能否結合服務學習與大學社會責任的學用合一,其次為探討學生選修走出教室外的史學課程之學習成效,最後發展史學服務學習課程規劃設計,作為史學類通識課程的教學參考。研究設計是以參與課程的學生(上學期29名、下學期15名)為研究對象,在專業課程訓練後,學生進入淡水老街區的店家服務學習,研究方法則是以學習回饋單六點式量表為量化分析、服務學習日誌與反思紀錄表為質性分析。本研究發現史學敘事結合服務學習的課程設計及教學可以藉由引導學生以在地多代傳承的店家做為服務學習對話場域,製作歷史繪本與店史連接淡水的過去與現在,不僅展現史學敘事能力,更為學生的服務學習帶來多元的成果,達到活歷史的再現。量化和質性研究均指出:學生參與史學敘事結合服務學習的課程得以提升其學習成效,並肯定自己學以致用的能力。
<br>The Impact of Labor Market Risk on Youth Career Preparation for Sustainable Development: Evidence from Taiwan
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/123097
title: The Impact of Labor Market Risk on Youth Career Preparation for Sustainable Development: Evidence from Taiwan abstract: The issue of how youth are motivated to prepare for their careers has been longstanding, yet studies in this area remain limited. This study examines the effect of labor market risk, such as wages and unemployment, on the career preparedness of young people, taking the example of Taiwan. Multi-year cross-sectional data from a manpower utilization survey and higher education survey were used, and logit models, including the multilevel-multinomial logit model and ordered models, were employed to analyze the empirical data. The findings suggest that youth career preparation is positively affected by market risk variables. Additionally, school participation and parental employment status appear to play important roles in determining the career preparedness of young people. It is essential that sustainable development is enabled so that today’s youth can develop the skills and capabilities necessary for a prosperous future.
<br>氣候與環境因子對屋頂型太陽光電發電量之影響
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/123096
title: 氣候與環境因子對屋頂型太陽光電發電量之影響 abstract: 本文依據10間屋頂型太陽光電廠3年期間的發電日資料,搭配相對應的氣候與環境日資料,進
行混合資料迴歸分析與視覺化圖表分析,探討氣候與環境因子對屋頂型太陽光電廠發電量的影響。
其中,視覺化圖表分析除協助迴歸分析之變數篩選與測試外,更清晰及有效呈現迴歸分析成果,且
進一步探討重要影響因子之動態性變化。本文迴歸分析高達8成的解釋力,應有助相關單位較準確
預測太陽光電的日發電量。另外,除印證全天空日射量之重要解釋力外,亦發現北部地區建置太陽
光電廠,應可減輕臺灣南部沿岸夏季常下雨而造成太陽光電發電不足現象。最後,南部地區建置太
陽光電廠時,宜多注意,外在環境過熱與空污問題。上述研究發現與政策意涵,應有助我國太陽光
電的發展,邁向2050淨零排放的目標。
This paper investigates the influences of climate and environmental factors on the power of the roof top photovoltaic power generation. By using the daily power generation data of 10 roof top photovoltaic power plants and their corresponding climate and environmental data, this paper implements the pooling data regression analysis with the help of data visualization. Except verifying the important role of the global solar radiation, we also found the roof top photovoltaic power plants located in the northern part of Taiwan may alleviate the photovoltaic power generation shortage problem due to the more frequent rains along the southern coast in the summer. Besides, the power plants located in the southern part of Taiwan should concern the issues of hot temperature and air pollution. Finally, our regression results may help to enhance the daily photovoltaic power generation forecasting since the R2 is high upto 80%. All above findings and policy implications would help the development
<br>臺灣的金融發展和經濟成長:地下經濟的角色
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/123095
title: 臺灣的金融發展和經濟成長:地下經濟的角色 abstract: 現存探討金融發展與經濟成長之互動關係的文獻,都只關注地上(或官方)經濟層面上的表現,完全忽略了地下經濟在兩者互動關係中所扮演的角色。為彌補文獻,本文首先進行臺灣地下經濟規模的估算,然後以共整合模型探討地下經濟對我國金融發展(包含銀行及股市)與官方經濟成長的因果關係、相互解釋的能力、模型配適度與預測能力是否有所影響。結果顯示,在長期均衡關係中,地下經濟的存在使我國金融體系原是符合銀行導向為基礎的結論消失了。在長期因果關係中,不論是否考慮地下經濟,我國均存在需求追隨的股市發展型態,但考慮地下經濟之後需求追隨的銀行發展型態不復存在。在短期互動關係中,考量地下經濟之前,官方經濟成長促進銀行發展但不影響股市發展,而銀行與股市之間不存在資金排擠效應;考量地下經濟之後,官方經濟成長降低股市發展但不影響銀行發展,銀行與股市之間出現資金排擠的效應。在短期因果關係中,地下經濟的存在會顯著影響金融發展與官方經濟成長之間的因果關係。預測誤差變異數分解則發現,地下經濟為我國官方經濟成長及股市發展的重要解釋變數。最後,在樣本內配適度及樣本外預測能力評比中發現,將地下經濟納入的模型表現較佳。
<br>臺灣地下經濟之實證分析─地下經濟與通貨膨脹的門檻效果
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/123094
title: 臺灣地下經濟之實證分析─地下經濟與通貨膨脹的門檻效果租稅負擔與地下經濟的門檻效果─臺灣的實證研究
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/123093
title: 租稅負擔與地下經濟的門檻效果─臺灣的實證研究 abstract: 地下經濟與租稅負擔之間存在著緊密的關係。相對於過去文獻大多從線性模型來探討租稅負擔率(或稅率)與地下經濟規模的關係,本文運用非線性的門檻模型(threshold model),以租税負擔率作為門檻變數,探討租稅負擔率與我國地下經濟規模是否存在非線性關係。實證結果支持台灣的租稅負擔與地下經濟之間存在一個門檻效果,當租稅負擔率低於19.657%時,租稅負擔率的提高將顯著降低地下經濟的規模;但若租稅負擔率高於19.657%,租稅負擔率的上升將顯著提高地下經濟的規模。從樣本內預測能力的評比中,我們也發現門檻模型確實優於線性模型,且門檻模型的結論不因地下經濟的估計方法不同而有所差異。
<br>How can green innovation from manufacturers benefit from supplier networks?
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/123092
title: How can green innovation from manufacturers benefit from supplier networks? abstract: Purpose
Prior research on supply chain management has advanced substantially our understanding of how suppliers’ knowledge affects manufacturers’ green innovation. However, overlooking the suppliers’ diverse green knowledge in supplier networks, namely, green knowledge diversity, has limited our understanding of both supply chain management and green innovation development. To address this important issue, this study aims to rely on social network theory as the overarching framework and knowledge-based view as the underlying theoretical foundation to examine how green knowledge diversity contributes to manufacturers’ green innovation performance, while considering three types of supplier network properties (network strength, network heterogeneity and network density).
Design/methodology/approach
This study collects both survey and secondary proxy data from 209 manufacturing firms over three time periods (mid-2018, mid-2019 and mid-2020). PROCESS macro is applied to test the research hypotheses.
Findings
The results provide compelling evidence that green knowledge management processes partially mediate the effect of green knowledge diversity on manufacturers’ green innovation performance. The effect of green knowledge diversity is strengthened by supplier network strength and supplier network heterogeneity, but hindered by supplier network density.
Practical implications
This study provides a practical guide to help manufacturers enhance green innovation performance by properly managing and leveraging their suppliers’ diverse green knowledge domains in supplier networks.
Originality/value
This study contributes to the supply chain management and green innovation literature by offering novel theoretical and empirical insights into how manufacturers can use their supplier networks to strengthen green innovation.
<br>Investigating the Co-Volatility Spillover Effects between Cryptocurrencies and Currencies at Different Natures of Risk Events
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/123091
title: Investigating the Co-Volatility Spillover Effects between Cryptocurrencies and Currencies at Different Natures of Risk Events abstract: This paper examines and confirms the varying volatility of the relationship between cryptocurrency and currency markets at different time periods, such as when the market encountered multiple risk events including the US–China trade war, COVID-19, and the Russian–Ukraine war. We employ the Diagonal BEKK model and find that the co-volatility spillover effects between the returns of cryptocurrencies and currencies, with the exception of Tether and the U.S. dollar index, evolved significantly. Furthermore, the co-volatility spillover effects between cryptocurrencies and EUR have the largest effects and fluctuations. Large-cap cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin and Ethereum) have greater co-volatility spillover effects between them and currencies. Regarding the ability of cryptocurrencies to act as safe-haven for currencies, we observe that Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Tether served as safe-havens during the US–China trade war, and Bitcoin was a safe-haven during COVID-19. During the 2022 Russian–Ukraine war, Bitcoin and Tether were safe-havens. Interestingly, our findings point out that Bitcoin provides a more consistent safe-haven function for currency markets. Overall, by including multiple global risk events and a comprehensive dataset, the results support our conjecture (and earlier studies) indicating that the capabilities of cryptocurrency are time-varying and related to market status and risk events with different natures.
<br>綠色復甦的明日之星:共享電動機車?
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/121994
title: 綠色復甦的明日之星:共享電動機車? abstract: 智慧型手機與通信技術讓運具使用變成彈指之間的服務,彈性的運輸服務模式讓共享電動機車更容易滿足公共運輸最後一哩的需求。在新冠肺炎的推波助瀾下,全球共享電動機車營運規模在2020年瘋狂似的成長。結合共享與電氣化的運輸模式成了綠色復甦的明日之星,對長期依賴機車的臺灣交通而言,這個明日之星能否帶來減碳貢獻,仍是未定之天。
<br>Financial feasibility assessment of adopting active controlled atmosphere containers for exporting highly perishable fruits during COVID-19: case of Taiwanese atemoya
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/121925
title: Financial feasibility assessment of adopting active controlled atmosphere containers for exporting highly perishable fruits during COVID-19: case of Taiwanese atemoya abstract: Purpose
This study deals with attenuating the risk of relying on a single export market, which was heightened by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. It focuses on Taiwanese atemoya (a fruit with short storage life) and the adoption of active controlled atmosphere (CA) containers, a new technology which lengthens storage time for other export markets. This study looks at the financial feasibility of the technology's first ever use in atemoya exports.
Design/methodology/approach
Apart from the standard financial assessment tools—like net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), benefit-cost ratio (BCR) and payback period (PBP)—this study calibrated five different scenarios based on data gathered from relevant market agents including suppliers, exporters, customs brokers and technology developer.
Findings
Due to the high profit margin and low investment cost, the use of active CA containers for long-haul exports of this highly perishable fruit is found both technically and financially feasible, despite the generally higher operational cost during the pandemic.
Research limitations/implications
This study looked at three specific export markets: Malaysia, Dubai and Canada. Results here may lack generalizability in other markets, although it is believed that slight deviations would not invalidate the conclusions of this research because short, medium and long distances were all covered therein.
Originality/value
This paper studies the first time that active CA is used for export of atemoyas to expand existing markets
<br>The Value-Added and Linkage Effect Analysis of Taiwan's Agricultural Sector
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/121924
title: The Value-Added and Linkage Effect Analysis of Taiwan's Agricultural Sector abstract: There is an increasing consensus in Taiwan that for agricultural development and policy planning the traditional production-based agriculture perspective should be replaced with a value chain perspective. Accordingly, when considering the value-added contribution of Taiwan’s agricultural sector, its relation-ship with upstream, midstream and downstream sectors should be considered and estimated altogether. In this study, we use the demand-side input-output (IO) methodology to compute and analyze the value-added and linkage effects of Taiwan’s agricultural sector. We found that if all the contribution along the value chain is considered, agriculture sector accounts for approximately between 10.56% and 11.85% of GDP, which is a sevenfold increase compared to contribution based on its mere production value (i.e., 1.65% - 1.87% of GDP). This study recommends that future agricultural policy planning, in addition to focusing only on the primary production agriculture, should also include the distribution sector and food and beverage services sector, such as regulations for e-commerce sales channels for agricultural products, food hygiene regulations for the food and beverage industry, and cold chain logistics regulations for agricultural products.
<br>Trade, Growth and Growth Volatility: New Panel Evidence
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/121923
title: Trade, Growth and Growth Volatility: New Panel Evidence abstract: This paper examines the relationships of trade with economic growth and growth volatility using the Chudik and Pesaran (2013) cross-sectionally augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) panel data approach to account for the potential dynamic heterogeneity and cross-section dependency in the effects of trade. Some important results emerge. First, greater international trade, on average, promotes economic growth and amplifies growth volatility in the long run, and hence induces a positive long-run association between growth and growth volatility. Second, greater international trade stimulates economic activities and mitigates economic fluctuations, on average, in the short run, and therefore causes a negative short-run correlation between growth and growth volatility. And third, there is large heterogeneity in the effects of trade, depending upon a country's development level, financial system, macroeconomic policies, human capital, corruption, and labor regulation.
<br>Government Size, Government Debt and Globalization
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/121922
title: Government Size, Government Debt and Globalization abstract: This article empirically investigates the effect of globalization on government size and debt. Using panel heterogeneous cointegration techniques to a panel of developing and developed countries, it finds that globalization reduces government size and debt. In terms of components of globalization, government size is found to increase with trade openness but decreases with financial, social and political globalization. On the other hand, government debt increases with financial and trade openness but decreases with social and political globalization. The evidence is robust to different estimation methods and different samples. Our data also indicate unidirectional causality running from globalization measures to government size and debt.
<br>The Fisher Equation: A Nonlinear Panel Data Approach
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/121921
title: The Fisher Equation: A Nonlinear Panel Data Approach abstract: This article reinvestigates the Fisher equation. Using the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model, it was found that there is a significant regime-switching effect concerning the impact of inflation on interest rates. Specifically, inflation is found to raise the interest rates and the effect becomes stronger in magnitude with inflation. However, the data do not provide evidence in support of the one-for-one Fisher effect. The evidence is robust to interest rates with different maturities and subsamples.
<br>Carbon dioxide emissions and trade: Evidence from disaggregate trade data
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/121920
title: Carbon dioxide emissions and trade: Evidence from disaggregate trade data abstract: The relationship between trade and environmental quality is a major controversial issue. The paper intends to provide robust evidence and new insights into the discussion. Specifically, it examines the effect of trade on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) systematically in a North-North, North-South, South-North, and South-South context. It employs a panel data instrumental-variable quantile approach to control for endogeneity and account for potential (quantile) parameter heterogeneity. Some important results emerge. First, trade with the North increases CO2 emissions whereas trade with the South mitigates CO2 emissions with a relatively larger effect for less polluted host countries. Second, for advanced countries, their trade with the South or the North leads to a reduction in CO2 emissions, the effect that seems relatively stronger for less polluted advanced countries. Third, for developing countries, their trade with the North worsens CO2 emissions whereas their trade with the South mitigates CO2 emissions with a larger effect for less polluted developing countries. Last, the environmental Kuznets hypothesis is also detected across quantiles for the full sample and both developing and advanced countries subsamples. The findings suggest that trade benefits the advanced countries but could hurt the developing countries when trade with high-income trading partners occurs, in terms of CO2 emissions.
<br>Economic Assessment of Meteorological Information Services for Aquaculture in Taiwan
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/121919
title: Economic Assessment of Meteorological Information Services for Aquaculture in Taiwan abstract: The main purpose of this research was to evaluate and analyze the economic value of the meteorological information services (MIS) provided by the Central Weather Bureau (CWB) when applied to aquaculture in Taiwan. In this research, a contingent valuation method (CVM) was used to inquire about the subjective rating given to the CWB’s meteorological information services based on the responses to a national level questionnaire distributed among aquaculture farmers. The subjective rating revealed how the aquaculture farmers rated the accuracy of the MIS provided by the CWB and how they recognized the impact of the MIS on their aquaculture output. On this basis, this research determined the economic value brought about by the application of the meteorological information services. In order to understand the main factors affecting the respondents’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the MIS, this research also conducted an empirical estimation of the bid function. The results indicated that the main factors affecting the WTP were found to include the respondents’ subjective rating of the meteorological information services (including the accuracy rating and the effect rating), traditional social and economic background variables such as income and education level, as well as fish species. In addition, through testing the estimation of the bid function, it was also found that the survey sample used in this research had a significant starting point bias effect, which needed to be corrected using econometric methods. According to the empirical results, the median willingness-to-pay (WTP) of aquaculture farmers in Taiwan was 3544 New Taiwan Dollars (NTD)/person/year and the total economic value at the national level ranged from 157 million to 209 million NTD per year. Since the MIS service users have often lacked sufficient knowledge and ability to interpret the weather forecasts, how to strengthen the capabilities of service users in using MIS through the promotion of training programs and improve the value of the MIS may be an important policy insight.
<br>Does the Public Care About How Climate Change Might Affect Agriculture?
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/121896
title: Does the Public Care About How Climate Change Might Affect Agriculture? abstract: Many researchers have studied the opinion of policy makers toward government intervention to help the agriculture industry adapt to climate change. There have also been numerous studies of farmer’s attitudes toward receiving this support, but very little work has been done to understand the general public’s attitude toward such measures. The researchers used responses from IPPSR’s State of the State survey to measure attitudes among the general public across the state of Michigan toward government support for agriculture adapting to climate change. They found that a large majority of Michigan residents support government action to assist farmers in adapting to climate change, in fact the support for such measures was significantly higher than support for general government adaptations to climate change. Additionally, support was higher during an abnormal warm spell, especially at the beginning of the warm spell.
<br>Modelling Local Food Policy and the Greenhouse Gas Emission due to Transportation
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/121895
title: Modelling Local Food Policy and the Greenhouse Gas Emission due to Transportation abstract: Buying foods locally may reduce food-miles and the associated transportation green-house gas emissions. This study shows how existing extended input-output lifecycle analysis (EIO-LCA) literature on transportation greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of local food sys-tems may lead to biased estimates. We develop a modified EIO-LCA model that corrects this problem. This paper illustrates the approach and demonstrates to what extent the results might be biased if these issues are not corrected. As the biases can be large, this finding and the modified method are meaningful and informative for local food policy makers and re-searchers who wish to assess the impact of local foods on GHGs.
<br>The Influence of an Extreme Warm Spell on Public Support for Government Involvement in Climate Change Adaptation
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/121894
title: The Influence of an Extreme Warm Spell on Public Support for Government Involvement in Climate Change Adaptation abstract: An emerging literature discusses the effects of short-term temperature fluctuations on public opinion toward climate change. Yet, prior literature has not explored potential opinion-influencing effects of temporal patterns of temperature fluctuations or the interdependence between temperature anomalies and the direction and magnitude of short-term trends. This study uses an extreme warm spell that occurred during a survey of Michigan residents to evaluate the influence of complex temperature effects on public support for government involvement in the agricultural sector's adaptation to climate change. Comparison of several alternatives for capturing the influence of temperature fluctuations on survey responses (some drawn from the literature, some newly constructed) shows a temporary increase in support for government assistance for adaptation after the onset of a warm spell, but a longer exposure to extreme temperatures does not necessarily lead to more support for adaptation policies. Conditional on other attributes of temperature abnormalities (e.g., direction of trend), abnormal heat might even lead to reduced support for adaptation policies.
<br>Local acceptance and heterogeneous externalities of biorefineries
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/121878
title: Local acceptance and heterogeneous externalities of biorefineries abstract: Biofuels can potentially reduce lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from energy use and help address the climate change problem. However, the siting and operation of a biofuel production facility can impact the members of the host community both positively (e.g. local jobs and income) and negatively (e.g. pollution and noise). Such ambivalent and heterogeneous external impacts result in either local support or opposition to the facility, which in turn becomes a key factor affecting biorefinery location decisions, and subsequent success of biorefineries. While a number of prior studies have analyzed economic and environmental impacts of biofuels, systematic analysis of local acceptability of biofuel production facilities is lacking. Our study explores factors that influence community attitudes towards biofuel facilities. We assess the strength of acceptability or opposition by estimating the local community's willingness to pay (WTP) either to support or to oppose a proposed biorefinery. We posit that such WTP estimates provide a more comprehensive measure of local acceptability. Results also suggest that county level socio-economic characteristics significantly influence these attitudes and WTP.
<br>The Relationship between Priority and Value of Irrigation Water Used with Prior Appropriation Water Rights
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/121877
title: The Relationship between Priority and Value of Irrigation Water Used with Prior Appropriation Water Rights abstract: This article examines the relationship between water right priority and value of use for rights defined by prior appropriation, and tests whether this relationship is different for rights that have been transferred from their original locations to new locations, versus those that have not. We develop an empirical model using data for agricultural irrigation water rights and show that for transferred water rights, more senior (higher-priority) rights are reallocated from lower-to higher-valued agricultural uses. For water rights that remained unchanged, we find that priority order and potential profitability, as indicated by land characteristics, are not well aligned. (JEL Q15, Q25)
<br>The non-linear relationship between brand diversification and hotel owner performance: The roles of ownership structure and location as moderators
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/121447
title: The non-linear relationship between brand diversification and hotel owner performance: The roles of ownership structure and location as moderators abstract: This study investigates the non-linear relationship between brand diversification and hotel owner performance. Using hotel owner level data from 2000 to 2018 in Texas, findings infer a concave relationship between brand diversification and hotel owner performance where the impact of brand diversification on performance is positive until a certain point and then becomes negative. The moderation effects of ownership structure and location are also estimated, showing significant effects on the relationship between brand diversification and hotel owner performance. Specifically, hotel owners who (a) have a portfolio with a higher percent of chain-affiliated hotels, and (b) are located further from the neighbouring hotels are more likely to benefit from brand diversification. We provide practical insights to help hotel entrepreneurs improve performance.
<br>Risk spillovers between cryptocurrencies and traditional currencies and gold under different global economic conditions
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/120703
title: Risk spillovers between cryptocurrencies and traditional currencies and gold under different global economic conditions abstract: This paper applies a Diagonal BEKK model to investigate the risk spillovers of three major cryptocurrencies to ten leading traditional currencies and two gold prices (Spot Gold and Gold Futures). The daily data used are from 7 August 2015 to 15 June 2020. The dataset is analyzed in its entirety and is also subdivided into four distinct subsets in order to study and compare the patterns of spillover effects during economic turmoil, such as the 2018 cryptocurrency crash and the COVID-19 pandemic. The results reveal significant co-volatility spillover effects between cryptocurrency and traditional currency or gold markets, especially during the whole sample period and amid the uncertainty raised by COVID-19. The capabilities of cryptocurrency are time-varying and related to economic uncertainty or shocks. There are significant differences between normal and extreme markets with regard to the capabilities of cryptocurrency as a diversifier, a hedge or a safe haven. We find the significant co-volatility spillover effects are asymmetric in most cases especially during the COVID-19 pandemic period, which means the negative return shocks have larger impacts on co-volatility than positive return shocks of the same magnitude. Evidently, cryptocurrencies and traditional currencies or gold can be incorporated into financial portfolios for financial market participants who seek effective risk management and also for optimal dynamic hedging purposes against economic turmoil and downward movements.
<br>Discouraged Worker Effects from Social Inequality: An Empirical Evidence
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/119942
title: Discouraged Worker Effects from Social Inequality: An Empirical Evidence abstract: To measure the discouraged effects from social inequality, this study adopted the TSCS and MUS data to observe the discouraged economic attitudes and discouraged worker effects by using a 2STS method. We integrated these two databases to explore the impact of inequality on attitudes with inequality-related variables. Our empirical results show the social inequality variables increase the economic discouraged attitudes, and people who felt upset for economy are more likely to become discouraged workers.
<br>A hierarchical panel data stochastic frontier model for the estimation of stochastic metafrontiers
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/119862
title: A hierarchical panel data stochastic frontier model for the estimation of stochastic metafrontiers abstract: This paper proposes a stochastic frontiermodel with three composed errors, and therefore
six error components. As in the metafrontier literature, firms belong to groups
with a group-specific frontier. A firm has a level of short-run and long-run inefficiency
relative to its group-specific frontier, as in existing models with two composed errors
and four error components. But now there is also a group-specific inefficiency, that
is, a shortfall of the group-specific frontier from the best practice metafrontier. The
paper shows how to estimate this model and how to extract predictions of the various
inefficiencies.
<br>The effects of uncertainties over R&D policy or market demand on R&D levels
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/119822
title: The effects of uncertainties over R&D policy or market demand on R&D levels abstract: This paper investigates how product market uncertainty and government research and development (R&D) subsidy uncertainty affect R&D levels in a duopoly with R&D rivalry and technological spillovers from an advanced large firm. Within this framework, one small firm and one large firm compete on R&D and output. We find that, if firms' R&D efforts are strategic complements, then the firms' R&D outputs would decrease due to increased uncertainty over R&D policy but would increase due to increased uncertainty over market demand. Thus, we conclude that different types of uncertainties exert different impacts on R&D investment decisions.
<br>Heterogeneous effects of hotel ownership structure changes on localized market competition using multilevel mixed-effect analyses
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/119689
title: Heterogeneous effects of hotel ownership structure changes on localized market competition using multilevel mixed-effect analyses abstract: Ownership structure, a source of firm heterogeneity, can change competitive environments and market structures; the impact on the hospitality industry is unknown. This study investigates the impact of hotel ownership structure changes on the magnitude of localized competition of different quality segment hotels. Two-level mixed-effect analyses reveal that hotel ownership structure change from chain-affiliated to independent increases the number of neighboring economy hotels, while the change from independent to chain-affiliated increases the number of neighboring upper-upscale hotels. Ownership structure changes in the same market can be a key driver of market dynamics, suggesting that hotels should co-locate with caution.
<br>論消費者保護法之行政調查
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/119522
title: 論消費者保護法之行政調查 abstract: 本文所要探討的是消費者保護機關依消費者保護法中所採取的行政調查之行使範圍,如因法院可依其判決解釋方式對於行政機關行使其行政調查權限加以限縮或解釋,難免淪於執判法官過於依賴字面而做出解釋或流於心證,此等行事又對於人民的權益影響又最巨。因此,藉由本文研究係為因應變化多端之買賣形式進一步確立「消費者保護法第33條」之行政調查權之實際範圍、方式。
<br>Risk Spillovers in Returns for Chinese and International Tourists to Taiwan
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/119086
title: Risk Spillovers in Returns for Chinese and International Tourists to Taiwan abstract: Fluctuations in the numbers of visitors directly affect the rates of return on tourism business activities. This article is the first to examine the spillover effects between the rate of change in the numbers of Chinese tourist arrivals and the rate of change in the numbers of international traveler arrivals. The study used daily data from January 1, 2014, to October 31, 2016, with 1,035 observations. The diagonal BEKK model was used to analyze the co-volatility spillover effects between the rate of change in the international travelers and the rate of change in the amount of Chinese tourists visiting Taiwan. The empirical findings suggest that Taiwan should abandon its development strategy of focusing only on a single market, namely, China. Moreover, with the reduction in Chinese tour groups visiting Taiwan, and increases in individual travelers, the Taiwan Government should change its previous travel policies of mainly attracting Chinese tour group travelers and actively promote in-depth tourism among international tourists.
<br>Economic Valuation of Public Meteorological Information Services—A Case Study of Agricultural Producers in Taiwan
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/119085
title: Economic Valuation of Public Meteorological Information Services—A Case Study of Agricultural Producers in Taiwan abstract: Most meteorological information services in Taiwan are currently provided by the Central Weather Bureau, Ministry of Transportation and Communications. As agricultural production activities are sensitive to weather and climate conditions, meteorological information services are more important for agricultural decision-makers than those in other sectors. This study uses the contingent valuation method to estimate the economic value of meteorological information services in Taiwan for agricultural producers. We assess the agricultural producers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for the meteorological information services, conducting a national face-to-face survey of 400 registered farmers in 20 municipalities in Taiwan in 2013. The results show the adjusted WTP for every agricultural household each year with a 95% confidence interval which ranges from 56.06 US dollars to 90.92 US dollars. The inferred annual economic value of meteorological information services for agricultural producers in Taiwan is between 28.06 million US dollars and 45.51 million US dollars. Moreover, the agricultural producers’ subjective assessment of weather forecast accuracy, farm size, and first bid price significantly affect the amount agricultural producers are willing to pay for meteorological information services.
<br>Asymmetric Risk Impacts of Chinese Tourists to Taiwan
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/119084
title: Asymmetric Risk Impacts of Chinese Tourists to Taiwan abstract: Since 2008, when Taiwan's President Ma Ying‐Jeou relaxed the Cross‐Strait policy, China has become Taiwan's largest source of international tourism. In order to understand the risk persistence of Chinese tourists, the paper investigates the short‐run and long‐run persistence of shocks to the change rate of Chinese tourists to Taiwan, which is a novel empirical analysis. The daily data used for the empirical analysis are from January 1, 2013, to February 28, 2018. McAleer's fundamental equation in tourism finance is used to link the change rate of tourist arrivals and the change in tourist revenues. Three widely used univariate conditional volatility models, namely, GARCH(1,1), GJR(1,1), and EGARCH(1,1), are used to measure the short‐run and long‐run persistence of shocks, as well as symmetric, asymmetric, and leverage effects. Three different heterogeneous autoregressive (HAR) models, HAR(1), HAR(1,7) and HAR(1,7,28), are considered as alternative mean equations for capturing a variety of long memory effects. The mean equations associated with GARCH(1,1), GJR(1,1), and EGARCH(1,1) are used to analyze the risk persistence of the change in Chinese tourists. The exponential smoothing process is used to adjust the seasonality around the trend in Chinese tourists. The empirical results show asymmetric impacts of positive and negative shocks on the volatility of the change in the number of group‐type and medical‐type tourists, whereas individual‐type tourists display a symmetric volatility pattern. Somewhat unusually, leverage effects are observed in EGARCH for medical‐type tourists, which shows a negative correlation between shocks in tourist numbers and the subsequent shocks to volatility. For both group‐type and medical‐type tourists, the asymmetric impacts on volatility show that negative shocks have larger effects than do positive shocks. The leverage effect in EGARCH for medical‐type tourists implies that larger shocks would decrease volatility in the change in the numbers of medical‐type tourists. These novel empirical results suggest that Taiwan's tourism authorities should act to prevent the negative shocks for the group‐type and medical‐type Chinese tourists to dampen the shocks that arise from having fewer Chinese tourists to Taiwan.
<br>An Event Study Analysis of Political Events, Disasters, and Accidents for Chinese Tourists to Taiwan
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/119083
title: An Event Study Analysis of Political Events, Disasters, and Accidents for Chinese Tourists to Taiwan abstract: The number of Chinese tourists visiting Taiwan has been closely related to the political relationship across the Taiwan Strait. The occurrence of political events and disasters or accidents have had, and will continue to have, a huge impact on the Taiwan tourism market. To date, there has been relatively little empirical research conducted on this issue. Tourists are characterized as being involved in one of three types of tourism: group tourism (group-type), individual tourism (individual-type), and medical cosmetology (medical-type). We use the fundamental equation in tourism finance to examine the correlation that exists between the rate of change in the number of tourists and the rate of return on tourism. Second, we use the event study method to observe whether the numbers of tourists have changed abnormally before and after the occurrence of major events on both sides of the Strait. Three different types of conditional variance models, namely, the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity, GARCH (1,1), Glosten, Jagannathan and Runkle, GJR (1,1) and Exponential GARCH, EGARCH (1,1), are used to estimate the abnormal rate of change in the number of tourists. The empirical results concerning the major events affecting the changes in the numbers of tourists from China to Taiwan are economically significant, and confirm the types of tourists that are most likely to be affected by such major events.
<br>Estimating the Willingness to Pay to Protect Coral Reefs from Potential Damage Caused by Climate Change - The Evidence from Taiwan
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/119082
title: Estimating the Willingness to Pay to Protect Coral Reefs from Potential Damage Caused by Climate Change - The Evidence from Taiwan abstract: Coral reefs constitute the most biologically productive and diverse ecosystem, and provide various goods and services including those related to fisheries, marine tourism, coastal protection, and medicine. However, they are sensitive to climate change and rising temperatures. Taiwan is located in the central part of the world's distribution of coral reefs and has about one third of the coral species in the world. This study estimates the welfare losses associated with the potential damage to coral reefs in Taiwan caused by climate change. The contingent valuation method adopted includes a pre-survey, a face-to-face formal survey, and photo illustrations used to obtain reliable data. Average annual personal willingness to pay is found to be around US$35.75 resulting in a total annual willingness to pay of around US$0.43 billion. These high values demonstrate that coral reefs in Taiwan deserve to be well preserved, which would require a dedicated agency and ocean reserves.
<br>桃園藻礁生態系經濟價值之評估
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/119081
title: 桃園藻礁生態系經濟價值之評估 abstract: 隨著經濟活動的頻繁、人口的增加,加速了對生態環境的破壞,藻礁生態系亦因而面臨重大生存威脅。桃園藻礁生態系是全台灣面積最大的藻礁生態系,其生物多樣性支持了海域及陸域生態和社會經濟發展,且已於台灣存活數千年之久,為台灣西部海岸變遷的證據之一,具有相當高的存在價值。然而近年來許多沿岸工業區的汙染排放及大型的經濟開發案,加上大多數民眾對藻礁的陌生,造成藻類礁體的生態系統被破壞而降低其價值。本研究透過條件評估法,評估進行額外保育行動,以抵消人為破壞對桃園藻礁生態系所造成之衝擊,而使藻礁生態系的物種類及數量維持現狀的價值。由於藻礁生態系無交易市場,所以並沒有市場價格來反映其資源的經濟效益,因此需建立一個虛擬市場來評估其價值。詢價方式採用條件評估法之封閉式詢價法(close-ended bidding),並利用親自面訪的方式詢問受訪民眾,透過probit及logit模型,估計在藻礁生態系受人為破壞影響下,對於藻礁生態系保育及復育的願付價值。實証結果發現民眾願付價值介於新台幣463元至新台幣466元之間,而全台灣民眾之總願付價值介於新台幣50億503萬元至50億3,746萬元之間。此價值估計結果說明桃園藻礁生態系不僅物種豐富,具有多年的歷史,更為全國民眾共同擁有之珍貴資產。因此政府應擴大推廣藻礁生態系之知識及保育觀念,促使全國民眾更加愛惜這項生態資產,而使其受到良善的維護並永續存在。
<br>Does the Feldstein-Horioka relationship vary with economic policy uncertainty?
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/119080
title: Does the Feldstein-Horioka relationship vary with economic policy uncertainty? abstract: This research addresses the omitted-uncertainty bias and functional form misspecification problem when estimating the saving-investment relationship. We apply a semiparametric varying-coefficient cointegration approach to test for the presence of an ‘uncertainty-varying’ cointegrating relationship between savings and investment. Based on quarterly time series data for the U.S. from 1947Q1 to 2014Q4, we find that the saving-retention coefficient is a U-shaped function of economic policy uncertainty. This indicates that domestic investment is more constraint by domestic savings at very high and very low levels of uncertainty. Given the continued rise in economic policy uncertainty, our estimate predicts that domestic investment will become more constrained by domestic savings. Further sub-period analysis shows that the null hypothesis of the presence of an uncertainty-varying cointegrating relationship between savings and investment cannot be rejected in the recent sub-period of 1999Q1-2014Q4, suggesting that the U.S current account is sustainable.
<br>Diversification strategies and failure rates in the Texas lodging industry: Franchised versus company-operated hotels
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/118763
title: Diversification strategies and failure rates in the Texas lodging industry: Franchised versus company-operated hotels abstract: This research examines the relationship between geographic, brand, and segment diversification and hotel failure rates based on ownership structure, i.e. franchised and company-operated hotels, in the Texas lodging industry. Literature on diversification strategies is mainly based on financial measures of performance and offers mixed results; only few studies have assessed firm failure rates directly based on distinct diversification strategies at the establishment level. The performance outcomes are significantly heterogeneous not only based on the strategies, but also on the ownership structures, which are yet to be examined. Using data from the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts from 2000 to 2018, a semi-parametric Cox proportional hazard model is estimated, and the findings reveal that failure rates are not significantly tied to particular types of diversification and ownership structures. This research provides insights on hotel diversification strategies and their relative dominance on hotel failure rates based on franchised and company-operated hotels.
<br>臺灣貨幣政策慣性之分析
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/118665
title: 臺灣貨幣政策慣性之分析 abstract: 本研究以臺灣之即時資料與修正資料為對象, 討論貨幣政策法則內落後一期利率具顯著解釋能力, 是因貨幣當局面對具序列相關之衝擊使然, 抑或與貨幣政策慣性之性質有關。透過English et al. (2003)與Castelnuovo (2003)之架構, 以前瞻式泰勒法則進行的分析指出, 中央銀行利率平滑化措施, 為落後一期利率在貨幣政策法則內具顯著解釋能力的原因。而改以不同利率平滑化與衝擊序列相關設定, 或將股價變化納入貨幣政策法則內後, 原有分析結論依然可以成立, 顯示文中有關貨幣政策慣性之推論具有穩健性。以逐步擴
大樣本進行的估計指出, 貨幣政策慣性程度有隨時間而提高的變化, 且未因2007 年全球金融風暴而受到影響。此外貨幣政策法則內各參數估計值的顯著性, 亦會隨時間改變而出現消長, 這隱含臺灣貨幣當局之政策反應函數有隨經濟發展階段不同而改變之特性。
<br>消費外部性與經濟成長:兩部門模型的意涵
https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/118664
title: 消費外部性與經濟成長:兩部門模型的意涵 abstract: 單部門成長模型強調消費外部性影響經濟體系的途徑是就業效果,因此在勞動供給外生決定的環境下,消費外部性並不會影響總體經濟表現。不同於既存文獻,本文設計一個納入消費外部性的兩部門成長模型並指出,消費外部性影響總體經濟體系的管道除了就業效果,還包括資源重分配效果。在固定規模報酬生產技術的假設下,不需要藉助就業效果,資源重分配效果會使得資本密集商品的消費外部性與經濟成長具有正向關係,但勞動密集商品的消費外部性與經濟成長率的關係則呈現不確定的狀態。另外,我們也討論了消費稅政策並發現兩部門架構下,資本密集商品的消費稅比較可能會傷害經濟成長表現,但勞動密集商品的消費稅對於經濟成長率的影響並不確定。
<br>